-
1095
Pope Urban calls for the Crusades
Called the Crusades to defeat the Muslims and to take back the Holy Land. -
1200
Europe shifts from farming to trade economy/Commercial Revolution
Scarcity due to the Crusades causes people to spread out and grow their own wealth by trading goods. Europe develops a capitalistic society where entrepreneurship drives economy. -
1254
Birth of Marco Polo
Born in Venice, Italy, a center for commerce and trading. At age 17, Marco journeyed to Asia with his family. -
1293
Polos begin journey home
Polo family begins their journey home by ship with many valuable items. -
1298
Marco Polo captured as prisoner of war
Captured while battling Genoa, Venice's rival city. In prison, he wrote about his travels in Asia. -
1415
Portugal captures Fortress of Ceuta in Africa
While trying to reach Asia, capturing the Fortress would set them up to begin collecting gold and silver. -
1419
Portugal discovers Madeira Islands
Prince Henry funded scientists, leading to the discovery of these islands and this encouraged explorers to explore the southern African coast. -
1427
Portugal discovers the Azores Islands
Prince Henry helped fund advancements to reach the discovery of these islands. The discovery encouraged scientists and explorers to journey to the southern coast of Africa. -
1434
Portugal successfully sails around Cape Bojador in Africa
The most familiar southern African point was Cape Bojador and it was an extreme challenge to sail around that point. One of Prince Henry's ships successfully returned and this motivated Portugal to explore much further. -
1469
Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella
The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile unified Spain and set them up to begin competing for more wealth and power. -
1485
Columbus begins presenting plan of sailing west to Spice Islands
Christopher Columbus begins approaching the king of Portugal, Genoa, Venice, England, and Spain with his idea to sail west to reach Asia, but was rejected. -
1488
Portugal reaches eastern coast of South Africa
Bartolomeu Días went farther than any explorer before him to reach what is now the Cape of Good Hope and the point where ships begin to sail more eastern than southern. -
Oct 12, 1492
Columbus makes landfall in America
Spain financed Columbus' expedition to get to India and China before Portugal, but sailing west landed them in present-day Dominican Republic. There, he began establishing settlements and news circulated about the new world. -
1498
Portugal reaches India
Vasco de Gama's voyage reaches India, achieving the dream of King Joâo II. This moved Portugal to one of the richest European countries. -
Thomas Hobbes writes The Leviathan
Thomas Hobbes writes The Leviathan about his beliefs about man using reason. He wrote that without a common power, there was war and chaos and man didn't have reason. -
John Locke publishes The Second Treatise on Government
John Locke writes The Second Treatise on Government using reason and enlightened thinking. He wrote about the basic reason that man has and the logical choices they would make without a common power. -
The Declaration of Independence is written
Thomas Jefferson wrote the United States' Declaration of Independence, declaring freedom from Britain and that rights are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. -
The Declaration of the Rights of Man Published
This is published in France based on new ideas about human rights and gives equality to everyone and establishes a French national assembly. -
The Haitian Revolution begins
The Haitian Revolution begins because of the slaves in Saint Domingue. -
Slavery ends and Haiti is created
After years fighting in the Haitian Revolution, the slaves succeed and end slavery and become independent from France. -
Napolean Bonaparte invades Spain
The French emperor invades Spain and is crowned as ruler of France, betraying French Revolution ideas. -
El Grito de Dolores
Father Miguel Hidalgo rings the church bells and calls the people to fight for independence -
Bolívar invades Venezuela
This begins Campaña Admirable, fighting to liberate Venezuela from Spanish rule. -
San Martín liberates Santiago, Chile
He surprised the Spanish soldiers and after proceeded to his plan of capturing Lima. -
USA Economic crisis leads to a big depression.
The crisis led to many businesses failures and many people losing their fortunes. -
Moses Austin crosses into Texas
Moses Austin crosses into East Texas with a slave named Richmond and begins to meet with governors to discuss his colonization plan. -
Gran Colombia created
It included countries now known as Venezuela, Colombia, Panamá, and Ecuador. This was created under Bolívar's government. -
Peru is independent from Spain
San Martín takes the capital of Peru and them proclaims it independent and is named protector. -
Imperial Colonization Law passed
The Mexican government secured the grant to bring in settlers from around the USA. Stephen F. Austin headed back in April. -
Bolívar becomes dictator of Peru
San Martín returns to Lima and Bolívar becomes dictator of Peru -
Mexican Constitution of 1824
Declares that early USA immigrants can come to Mexico (Texas) under the federalist government and the states share power. -
San Felipe de Austin founded
The capital along the Brazos River was founded in 1824. It's location had many advantages, such as the central location and nearby water and the population soon grew. -
Austin acquires four more colonies
Between 1825 and 1831, Austin acquired another four colonies and they all overlapped with the first one except one (the Little Colony). -
Republic of Fredonia established
Benjamin Edwards is furious that squatters can keep their land, so Edwards revolts and start their own republic. This led to the government becoming concerned about conditions. -
San Felipe has 100-200 residents
The center quickly grew and the population had reached about 100-200 residents by 1827. -
Gereral Mier y Teran report
He inspects Texas after the Fredonian Rebellion, and notes that Anglos are outnumbering Texans and people from all over and different backgrounds are coming to Texas and decreasing Mexican influence. -
Law of April 6, 1830 issued by Mexican gov
This gives Mexico more control over Texas, ends USA immigration, and suspends empresario grants. -
Texans write Turtle Bayou Resolutions
In the statements, the Texans try to keep peace with Mexico, support Santa Anna, and deny attacks. -
Texans come together in Conventions of 1832 and 1833
They present requests to Santa Anna and do not declare war. In 1832, they wanted separate statehood but did not get it. In 1833, they sent Stephen F. Austin to present their application. -
Santa Anna declares himself dictator
Mexico is chaotic and does not want a federalist government anymore, so Santa Anna becomes the dictator and is unable to meet with Austin. -
Consultation of 1835
The Texans were concerned after many were being arrested, like de Zavala and Travis, and so they met to discuss. After, two parties were formed: the war party and the peace party. -
Texans capture General Cos in Siege of San Antonio
Ben Milam's men fight and eventually capture Mexican leader General Cos, giving Texas more weapons and control of San Antonio. -
Grass Fight
Erasmus "Deaf" Smith reported Mexico coming to attack the Texans, and after fighting and attacking with supplies, they realized it was only grass for the animals. -
Texas Revolution begins
General Cos (Santa Anna's brother-in-law) declares that Texas weapons and the brass cannon must be returned to Mexico, however, the Texans say "come and take it" and fire at Mexico and the Revolution begins. -
Battle of Gonzales Surprise Attack
While fighting in Gonzales, the Texans raised the "COME AND TAKE IT" flag in defiance of the Mexican rules and elected Stephen F. Austin after. -
Goliad Campaign March
George Collinsworth, Ben Milam, and fifty Texans marched towards Goliad, where they captured the Presidio La Bahía in a surprise attack. -
Treaty of Velasco
This recognizes Texas and independent, while making peace between Mexico and Texas. Also, Santa Anna was supposed to be a lobbiest for a trade deal, but all of his actions as a prisoner were declared void. -
Siege of the Alamo begins
A thirteen-day siege of the Alamo begins, with the Mexicans surrounding the Alamo and bombarding it. -
Mexican victory at the Battle of the Alamo
After the thirteen-day siege, the main battle (only thirty minutes long) ends and the Mexicans win. -
Goliad Massacre
The Mexican army surrounds Fannin and his men and executes all of them, and 342 men died in total, and the U.S. began to sympathize with the Texans. -
Battle of San Jacinto
While the Mexican soldiers were sleeping, the Texans (while being outnumbered by the Mexicans 1,300 to 900) attacked while yelling "Remember the Alamo" and "Remember Goliad" and in eighteen minutes, they captured Santa Anna and defeated Mexico.