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Primary occured through apprenticeships, family and community observation to transmit practical skills, cultural values and social norms
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Included structured, systematic learning process that took place in institutional settings like elementary and junior high.
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Renaissance education was strongly influenced by humanism, a movement that looked back to ancient Greek and Roman texts
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It was attained through attendance at a public school or was provided by a hired tutor and it focus on reading, writing, arithmetic, literature, history, and philosophy.
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Education centered on biblical studies, theology, Latin, and church liturgy, though some schools also taught grammar, logic, rhetoric, and basic sciences.
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He introduced many ideas that shaped today’s schooling. His approach to education was child-centered, universal, and practical.
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Rousseau believed that children are born naturally good, and that society is what corrupts them.
Therefore, proper education should protect and develop the child’s natural goodness, not force adult expectations onto them. -
His ideas greatly influenced modern education. His educational thought emphasized experience, reason, and character formation. He preferred teaching practical subjects such as reading, writing, arithmetic, and practical skills.
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Revolutionaries believed that the old education system of France served the monarchy and the Church.
They wanted a new system that would:
Form loyal citizens of the Republic
Teach revolutionary ideals
Promote equality among all social classes
Education became a means to shape a new democratic society. -
Education changed dramatically as thinkers emphasized reason, science, and individual rights. Education was seen as essential for improving society.
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Education during this period was shaped by the needs of industry, the state, and society. Its main goals were:
Creating a skilled workforce for factories, mines, and emerging industries, promoting literacy and basic numeracy for economic and administrative efficiency, Instilling discIpline, punctuality, and obedience, including patriotism and moral conduct, education became less about classical learning and more practical and vocational. -
Kant believed that humans are the only beings who must be educated.
Unlike animals, whose instincts guide them, humans need education to:
Cultivate their natural abilities
Become rational and moral
Achieve freedom and autonomy
Education is therefore essential for the progress of humanity as a whole -
Pestalozzi was a Swiss educational reformer who emphasized child-centered education and the development of the whole child—head, heart, and hands. He believed that education should be natural, loving, and practical.
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His work focused on social and cultural influences on learning. He is known for the sociocultural theory of cognitive development, which emphasizes that learning occurs through interaction with others and the environment.
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Montessori believed that children learn best when education is tailored to their natural development and interests:
Every child has a unique learning pace and style
Teachers should observe rather than impose learning
Education should encourage autonomy and self-motivation -
Public education was created to serve multiple social and political goals:
Universal literacy and numeracy to prepare citizens for economic participation
Promotion of civic values such as patriotism, democracy, and respect for the law
Reduction of social inequality by providing education to children of all social classes -
Teacher training institutions, also called normal schools, teacher colleges, or pedagogical institutes, are specialized schools established to train teachers professionally. The focus is on equipping future educators with both subject knowledge and teaching skills.
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He is known for his theory of cognitive development, which focuses on how children think and learn at different stages of development. His work has deeply influenced modern education, emphasizing child-centered learning and developmental appropriateness.
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Dewey believed that education is not just preparation for the future, but a process of living and growth.
Learning should be active and experiential
Children learn best through interaction with their environment
Education should connect the student’s experiences to real-life problems -
Expansion of Education
Education became universal and compulsory in most countries
Mass education aimed to eradicate illiteracy and promote social equality
Secondary and higher education expanded, creating opportunities for middle and working classes
Education became a tool for national development and economic progress