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School Museums
In St. Louis, Missouri, the first school museum was established. It was meant to provide teachers with portable museum exhibits, films, photographs, charts, etc, to use in their classrooms. -
Instructional Films
The Catalogue of Educational Motion Pictures was published by George Kleine, which contained more than 1,000 film titles that schools could rent and provide for their students to learn. -
Instructional Radio
Three existing visual instruction national professional organizations merged, which consolidated the visual instruction movement into one organization. -
World War 2
From 1941-1945, the federal government established the Division of Visual Aids for War Training. Training films were used to prepare civilians to work in industry. -
Media Research
Most media research was made up comparisons in the way students learn. How much a student learned through mediums (radio, film, computer, ect.) was compared to how much students learn during live instruction. -
Television
In the 1950's, television was known to be a great way to communicate and deliver instruction to the public. -
Early Computers
in the 1950's. researchers at IBM developed the first computer assisted instruction (CAI) author language and a CAI program that could be used in public schools for the first time. -
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives was published by Benjamin Bloom and his colleagues in the 1950's. The authors stated that learners have many possible learning outcomes and that these outcomes were a part of a hierarchical relationship. Educational Learning objectives are used at a more complex and specific level. -
Instructional Television
The Federal Communications Commission set aside 242 TV channels to be used for educational purposes, which led to a rapid increase in educational TV stations. -
Programmed Instruction
B.F. Skinner released the article The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching, describing what is required for an increase in learning. He stated that programmed instructional materials consist of instruction in small steps, frequent questions, immediate feedback, and self-pacing. Programmed instructional materials were ideal because the steps are small, and the learner would answer questions quickly and accurately, giving them positive feedback they would enjoy. -
Sputnik
The first orbiting space satellite, Sputnik, was launched by the Soviet Union. The U.S. then put millions of dollars towards advancing science and education in America. Michael Scriven proceeded to announce that the instruction material educators used at the time were not effective. His solution to this problem was the summative evaluation. -
Behavioral Objectives
Robert Mager wanted to teach educators how to write objectives and wrote "Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction." The book describes that objectives should include desired behaviors of learners, behavior performance conditions, and the standards of these behaviors. -
Criterion-referenced Testing
Robert Glaser indicated that criterion-referenced testing could be used to analyze student entry-level behavior and determine the amount of intended behaviors students learned in the instructional program. -
Condition of Learning
Robert Glaser indicated that criterion-referenced testing could be used to analyze student entry-level behavior and determine the amount of intended behaviors students learned in the instructional program. -
Formative Evaluation
Michael Scriven named the formative evaluation process. In this process, before instructional materials are finalized and handed out to students, these materials are tested to double check for any needed improvements or revisions. -
Summative Evaluation
Michael Scriven named the summative evaluation process. It is a process where final forms of instructional materials are given out to students before they are tested. Scriven pointed out that this process was not effective because once the materials were in their final forms, there was no option for their revision or improvement. -
Instructional Design Models
In the 1970's, numerous branches of the United States military endorsed an instructional design model in hopes of improving and developing training materials in their branches. -
Cognitive Psychology
Interest in cognitive psychology grew in the 1980's because it could correlate with instructional design process. However, it was later found that cognitive psychology produced a little amount of effects with instructional design. -
Constructivism
Learning instruction through constructivism became popular in the 1990's. Constructivism was intended to improve instruction processes through certain steps for learner’s success. -
Internet
Between the 1994-95 and 1997-98 school years, higher education enrollment in distant learning courses nearly doubled. In 1995, only 22% higher education offered distant learning. By 1997-98, this percentage increased to 60%. -
My Birthday
Stephanie Scotto's date of birth.
