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First school museum opens in St. Louis, Missouri, where media is first used for instructional purposes. Other school museums opened in Reading, Pennsylvania and Cleveland, Ohio.
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Keystone View Company publishes Visual Education, a teacher’s guide to lantern slides and stereographs. Technological advancement in radio broadcasting, sound recording, and sound motion pictures which was came to be known as the audiovisual instruction movement.
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The first catalog of instructional films is published and the public school system in Rochester, Ny became the first to to adopt films for instructional use.
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1914-1923-Significant advancement in the visual instructional movement that included:
The establishment of five national professional organizations for visual instruction.
Publication of five journals focusing on visual instruction began.
More than twenty teacher-training institutions began offering courses in visual instruction.
But negative factors began to impact the visual instruction movement for example, many teachers were resistant to change and the cost of purchasing and maintainin -
NEA establishes the Department of Visual Instruction (DVI) which eventually merged and is now known as the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT).
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Even thought the field continued to grow, there was very little growth in the education community partly because of the money invested and lost during the visual instruction movement.
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Audiovisual instruction slowed in schools but audiovisual devices were used in the military services. For example training films for the U.S. military were produced.
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Federal government establishes Division of Visual Aids for War Training to oversee the production of training films.
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Interest in television for instruction increased for two reasons:
1. Federal Communication Commission set aside 242 channels for educational purposes and led to an increase in educational television stations
2. Instructional television also increased due to funding provided by Ford Foundation.
But by the 1960’s instructional television began to diminish. -
Article “The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching” written by B.F. Skinner focused on programmed instruction
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Benjamin Bloom published the Taxonomy of Education Objectives, which classifies learning objectives by the type of learner’s behavior.
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The Soviet Union launches Sputnik and surprised by the success of Sputnik, the U.S. government spends millions of dollars improving math and science and impacts instructional design.
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Established by the Department of Audiovisual Instruction, the definition focused on “the design and use of messages which controls the learning process”
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The second definition was produced by the Commission. This definition stated “that it is a systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the whole process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives, based on research on human learning and communication, and employing a combination of human and nonhuman resources to bring about more effective instruction.”
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AECT adopted the new definition of the field. This definition stat that “Educational technology is a complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices, and organization, for analyzing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating, managing solutions to those problems, involved in all aspects.”
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Computers began to be used increasingly for instructional use, especially microcomputers.
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Emphasis on job performance, business results, and non-instructional solutions. rather than learning.
Increased use of Internet
Development of online courses. -
: Reiser, R., & Dempsey, J. V. (2013). Trends and issues in instructional design and technology. (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn Images
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