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Visual instruction
During the second half of the nineteenth century, stereographs and lantern slide projectors were used in schools as a medium of visual instruction. -
Instructional Film
Public schools in Rochester, New York, were the first to use the motion picture projector in schools for instructional purposes. -
Audio
Radio became another medium which was believed to be able to revolutionize education. However problem like poor reception and lack of adoption by teachers, led to little to no impact on education. -
Audio visual device used during WWII
Audiovisual devices like filmstrips were used to teach foreign languages and simulator training devices were used to train United States civilians and military personnel. These training tools were effective and had a huge impact on performance. -
Early stages of instructional design
Psychologists and educators created training materials for the military during World War II. During the development, these professionals used instructional principles found in research on learning and behavioral theories. This knowledge of learning and the human behavioral approach is used by instructional designers today. -
Models of communication
Many leaders were interested in different theories of communication. The focus was not only to look at the medium used in communication, but recognized the importance of all components of the communication process, including the sender and receiver of a message. This expanded view, supported the focus of the audiovisual movement and education. -
Television became the latest instructional medium
Television became an important medium by the 1950s to deliver instruction. This was propelled by the Federal Communications Commission to have 242 television channels devoted to education. In the same decade and through the 1960s, the Ford Foundation contributed over $170 million dollars to educational television. Instructional products developed for television did not last and interest in this medium to deliver instruction faded. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_rC8fZjJ_c -
Instructional Design Models
Task analysis, objective specifications and criterion-referenced testing joined to form a model for systematically designing materials for instruction.
Robert Gagne was one of the first educational psychologists to look at instructional design as a process that combines all three. -
Systems approach to instructional design
Robert Gagne proposed nine events of instruction he thought of as necessary for achieving any learning outcome.
Many industries became interested in the instructional design process and how it could potentially enhance instruction for different learners. The instructional design process has been used in the United States military, education, business organizations and other countries as a tool to fix instructional problems. -
Computer, Internet and e-learning
Computers were used for instructional in education by the early 1980s. This new technology had a large impact on instructional design practice, prompting designers to consider it in the design process. Recently, the use of digital technology and the Internet increased interest in the computer. Online instruction has its place in education as well as businesses. Mobile devices like smart phones and tablets are other medium where instructional designers deliver instruction.
