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History of Europe through the Persecution of Religious Minorities
By: Jonah Gorodensky -
Puritans in England
This painting of Richard Mather was painted in 1670 by John Foster. Mather was an influential spokesman for the Puritans in Dorchester, Massachusetts, who moved to America (along with most of England's Puritans) to escape persecution. It is significant as it illustrates the life of an English Puritan who was forced to move to America because of the high levels of persecution faced by Puritans after 1658. -
The Final Wave of Anti-Huguenot Violence
This image is a painting of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre by Francois Dubois. Painted in the 1570's the painting depicts vicious anti-Huguenot violence erupting in France. This painting is significant as it shows a picture of the violence against Huguenots before 1745, and gives an insight into the graphic extent of the anti-Huguenot violence, which perpepetuated from the 1500s until the final wave of anti-Hugoenot violence that occured in 1745. -
Reinstatement of Anti-Jewish legislation by the Church
In 1775 Pope Pius VI wrote an edict called 'The Edict over the Hebrews'. This edict was released by the Pope, and reinstated many archaic anti-Jewish laws and legislations, some dating back to the expulsion of Jews from Spain. This edict is signifiant as it marks a step back in European modernization. Prior to the edict conditions for Jews in Europe were improving, as the Enlightenment blossomed, but the Edict ended this, and severely restricted the rights of Jews until the arrival of Napoleon. -
Expulsion of Circassians from Circassia
This painting is called 'The Mountaineers Leave Aul' was painted in 1872 by painter Pyotr Gruzinsky. It shows a procession of Muslim Circassians leaving Circassia with some of their possesions, expelled by their Russian conquerors. This paintings is significant as it is a direct portrayal of the expulsion of Circassian Muslims, and thusly gives us insight into the scope of the event and the struggles faced by the Circassians. -
The Dreyfus Affair
J'accuse was an letter published in 1898 in a French newspaper, written by Emile Zola. It advocates on behalf of Alfred Dreyfus and is significant as it is the most important and influential pro-Dreyfus work that surfaced during the Affair. Zola was arrested and was forced to flee to England, simply because he wrote a pro-Dreyfus letter, which helps illuminate the extent to which French society had become anti-Semitic, as even defending a Jew became unacceptable. -
The Holocaust
Hitler's 'Final Solution' was implemented sometime in 1941. The orange Star of David was worn by Jews in all of Nazi occupied Europe (with the language of the writing changing by region) as an identifying markers. Other, similar patches were worn by other religious and minority groups. These patches are significant as they display the clear religious segregation that occured, and more importantly, they have become an identifying marker of the Holocaust, easily identifiable by most.
