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600 BCE
Writing in Paleolithic Age
According to the Bible, Moses used chiseled stone to convey the ten commandments in a form of writing, probably around the 7th century BC. Even though Socrates is reported to have railed against the use of writing, written forms of communication make analytic, lengthy chains of reasoning and argument much more accessible, reproducible without distortion, and thus more open to analysis and critique than the transient nature of speech. -
400 BCE
Documents That Come to Light
Written documents existed in considerable numbers in ancient Greece. Socrates states that, education has been on a downward spiral ever since. -
1100
Slate Boards' Appearance
Slate boards were first in use in India in the 12th century AD. -
1400
Biggest Invention
The invention of the printing press was a truly disruptive technology, making written knowledge much more freely available, very much in the same way as the Internet has done today. Consequently, many more people in government and business were required to become literate and analytical, which led to a rapid expansion of formal education in Europe. In 1635, first public schoold named "Bostob Latin School" in the USA was founded. -
The Relationship Education and Blackboard
Blackboards and chalkboards became used in schools around the turn of the 18th century. -
Distance Education
Improvements in transport infrastructure in the 19th century, and in particular the creation of a cheap and reliable postal system in the 1840s, led to the development of the first formal correspondence education, with the University of London offering an external degree program by correspondence from 1858. In 1878, the first correspondence schools in the United States were founded, called The Society to Encourage Studies at Home. -
Broadcasting
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) began broadcasting educational radio programs for schools in the 1920s. The first adult education radio broadcast from the BBC in 1924 was a talk on Insects in Relation to Man. -
Arrival of Television
Television was first used in education in the 1960s, for schools and for adult education (one of the six purposes in the current BBC’s Royal Charter is still ‘promoting education and learning’). -
Foundation of the Open University
The British government established the Open University (OU), which worked in partnership with the BBC to develop university programs open to all. Government-sponsored distance education programs throughout the world have emulated the idea of the British Open University, which began with an enrollment of 40,000 students from outside the boundaries of the UK. -
PLATO: New Computer System
PLATO was a generalized computer assisted instruction system originally developed at the University of Illinois, and, by the late 1970s, comprised several thousand terminals worldwide on a dozen different networked mainframe computers. In the late 1970s, Murray Turoff and Roxanne Hiltz at the New Jersey Institute of Technology were experimenting with blended learning, using NJIT’s internal computer network. -
Broadcasting through Satellite
Satellite broadcasting started to become available in the 1980s and similar hopes were expressed of delivering ‘university lectures from the world’s leading universities to the world’s starving masses’. India, which had launched its own satellite, INSAT, in 1983, used it initially for delivering produced educational television programs throughout the country. -
Impact of Internet
The cost of creating and distributing video dropped substantially due to digital compression and high-speed Internet access. This reduction in the costs of recording and distributing video also led to the development of lecture capture systems. In 1991, The World Wide Web (WWW) was formally launched. In 1995, the Web enabled the development of the first learning management systems (LMSs), sycg as WebCT (which later became Blackboard). -
Importance of MIT
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) started making its recorded lectures available to the public, free of charge, through its OpenCourseWare project, in 2002. -
New Tool: YouTube
YouTube started in 2005 and was bought by Google in 2006. YouTube is increasingly being used for short educational clips that can be downloaded and integrated into online courses. The Khan Academy started using YouTube in 2006 for recorded voice-over lectures using a digital blackboard for equations and illustrations. -
MOOC
By 2008, George Siemens, Stephen Downes and Dave Cormier in Canada were using web technology to create the first ‘connectivist’ Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), a community of practice that linked webinar presentations and blog posts by experts to participants’ blogs and tweets, with just over 2,000 enrollments. In 2012, a lecture-capture based MOOC on artificial intelligence was launched, attracting more than 100,000 students, and since then MOOCs have expanded rapidly around the world. -
References (1)
Heinich, R. Molenda, M., Russell, J. D., & Smaldino, S. E. (2001). Instructional media and technologies for learning (7th ed.),
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References (2)
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