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Cro-Magnon ancestors create cave drawings of bison in Spain 40,000 years ago.
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Elder Sophists in 5th century BC were a group of five teachers that worked in competition with each other for a fee.
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His most important contribution was The Socratic Method which involves a give and take method of questioning.
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500 BC Upanishads are philosophical texts that form the basis of Hindu religion. This educational process had the teacher and student working together to find truth. Reasoning and questioning were used to find a solution but they never accepted a final answer. Added by Kelley Ward
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Abelard teaches at theNotre Dame Catholic school and writes a book, Sic et Non. His method presents the pros and cons to his students and he leaves the conclusion up to them.
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He wrote The Great Didactic which dealt with every phase of instruction.
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Published in Nurembourg in 1658, the best example of an application of Comenius' method of instruction. The teaching of Latin and sciences was accomplished by using pictoral representations with abstract word symbols.
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He felt the development of the learner was the supreme objective and could be accomplished by constant emphasis of sensory impression
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He publishes The Education of Man
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Herbart develops his own method where learning was relating new ideas to old ones and assimilating them into a total mass. He also created three levels of learning: the first was sensory, the second was where previously formed ideas were reproduced and the third was where thinking or understanding occurred.
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His manuals included details on classroom organizationa and classroom management, and subject matter.
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He introduced the manual-training concept into Finnish schools in 1886. This trend lasted until 1910.
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Established 1905 in St. Louis.
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The Public School System of Rochester, New York is the first to adopt films for regular instructional use.
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1914-1923 Visual instruction movement grows with national professional organizations, teacher training, five journals published on visual instruction and at least twelve school districts developed bureaus of visual education.
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1920's-1930's Technological advances in areas such as radio broadcasting, sound recording and sound motion pictures lead to increased interest in instructional media.
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1930's Many enthusiasts declare that radio would revolutionalize education. Over the next 20 years, radio had little impact on instructional practices.
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Three existing national professional organizations for visual instruction merge to become known as the Department of Visual Instruction.
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1939-1945 Audiovisual devices are used during WWII with much success to effectively and efficiently train large groups of people from diverse backgrounds. This renews interest in using audiovisual devices in schools.
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Edgar Dale elaborates on how audiovisual equipment presents material in a concrete manner with his "Cone of Experience" model. This model shows how much people learn and remember during different types of learning experiences.
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The 1950'2 saw rapid movement in instructional television through the Federal Communications Comission to add public television channels and the Ford Foundation funding.
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Researchers at IBM create the first CAI author language and design one of the first CAI programs to be used in public schools.
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During the late 1940's through the 1950's, psychologists, like Robert B. Miller, working for organization such as the American Institutes for Research started view training as a system and developed a number of innovative analysis, design, and evaluation procedures.
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B.F. Skinner writes a revolutionary article titles "The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching." He writes about the requirements for increasing human learning and the desired characteristics of effective instructional materials.
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Bloom and his colleagues write the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. This stated that within the cognitive domain there are various types of learning outcomes, that objectives could be classified according to the type of learner behavior and there was a hierarchal relationship among the types of outcomes.
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With the launch of the Soviet rocket Sputnik, the American government pours millions of dollars into improving math and science education in the United States. The instructional materials developed with these funds were usually writtenby subject matter experts and produced without tryouts with learners. Later, they realized these materials were not effective.
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Robert Mager writes a book titled Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction which would teach educators how to write objectives.
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Glaser is the first to use the term criterion-referenced test. These were used to assess entry level behavior and to determine to what extent the students had acquired the behaviors an instructional program was designed to teach.
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Invented by Douglas Englebart and Bill English. It was not introduced to the public until 1984 by Apple Macintosh.
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The Conditions of Learning, a book by Robert Gagne, is published in 1965. Gagné described five domains, ortypes, of learning outcomes—verbal information,intellectual skills, psychomotor skills,attitudes, and cognitive strategies—each ofwhich required a different set of conditions topromote learning.
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Michael Scriven suggests trying out drafts of instructional materials on learners before the materials were in their final form.
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During the 1970's, many instructional models were developed. Several branches of the military also adopted an instructional model to guide the development of training materials within those branches.
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New instructional programs were developed, people received training, and organizations were created to support instructional programs. Many of these developments were chronicled in the Journal of Instructional Development, a journal that was first published during the 1970s and which was the forerunner to the development section of Educational Technology Research and Development.
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Reiser and Gagne define instructional media as the physical means via which instruction is presented to learners.
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By 1983, 40% of elementary schools and over 75% of secondary schools in the United States used computers for instructional purposes.
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AECT defines Educational Technology with 5 categories including design, development, utilization or implementation, management, and evaluation.
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The 1990's saw an increase in universities offering distance learning classes. Many companies increased their use of the computer for training purposes.
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An impact in the field was a growing interest in constructivism where learners work together to solve realistic problems and look at different perspectives. The learners are expected to take ownership of their learning and become aware of their own role in the learning process.
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Ward Cunningham creates the first wiki, an interactive website where collaborators can add, delete or edit its content. Since the 2000's wikis have gained interest in the academic community for its ability to promote group members sharing information.
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The Internet becomes a valuable tool for distance learning instruction.
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In 2000, the U.S. Army announces it will spend $600 million for soldiers to take distance learning courses via the Internet.
