History of Biotechnology

Robert Hooke, Anton Leeuweenhoek

Jul 18, 1635

Robert and Anton discovered cells using microscopes

Gregor Mendel

Jun 1, 1815

Discovered simple laws of inheritance of traits which allowed him to predict outcome of crosses with certain traits.

Louis Pasteur

Sep 17, 1857

Louis described the scientific basis for fermentation, wine making, and the brewing of beer. Established the science of microbiology and claimed that microorganisms were responsible for infectious diseases.

Johann Miescher

Sep 17, 1869

Discovered nucleic acid in white blood cells form pus. Led scientists to believe that DNA might be the inheritable material of an orgainism.

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Sep 17, 1910

Discovered that genes were on chromosomes while studying fruit flies

Fred Griffith

Sep 17, 1928

Proved that geneic material could be moved form one strain of bacteria to another using mice.

Sir Alexander Fleming

Sep 17, 1928

He isolated penicillin from a fungus.

Chargaff

Sep 17, 1935

Showed that in DNA the number of units of adeinine equaled those of thymine and the number of units of cytosine equaled those of guanine,.

Bealdle and Tatum

Sep 17, 1941

Proposed that one gene produces one enzyme. 1944 Avery, McCarty and Mcleod established that indeed DNA was the hereditary material that was transferred.

Hayes

Jun 1, 1953

Discoverd plasmid DNA and DNA in bactieria

hershey and chase

Sep 20, 1953

using their famous blender exmariment proved that viruses replicated using DNA

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

Sep 20, 1953

Established through X-ray crystallograph that DNA was indeed a double helix

Waston and Clark

Sep 20, 1953

discoverd the stucher of DNA

Walter gilbert

Sep 21, 1961

discoverd the mechanism of tgene expression through RNA

Arber, Nathans and Smith

Sep 21, 1962

Discovered bacteriql restriction enzymes that cut DNA

Khorana and Nirenberg

Jun 21, 1966

Discoverd the 64 condons that code for 20 amino acids making up proteins.

Vinograd

Sep 21, 1967

DNA plasmids were isolated and purified

Madel and Higa

Sep 21, 1970

Responsible for the first transformation of the bacterium Escherichia coli

Boyer and Cohen

Sep 21, 1972

Cloning experiments were conducted.

Genetech

Sep 21, 1973

Genentech the worlds first genetic engineering company was founded.

Paul Berg

Sep 21, 1976

140 scientists met to draw up guidelines for work with recombinant DNA in microorganisms.

Paul berg

Oct 2, 1976

set up giudelines to work on recombant DNA

sanger and gilbert

Oct 2, 1977

found away to sequince DNA

boyer

Oct 2, 1978

inserted insulin into E.coil

botstein

Oct 2, 1978

Restriction Fragment Lenght Plomorphish ids dna fragments

louis brown

Oct 2, 1978

born viia vitro fertilization

U.S supreme court

Oct 2, 1980

genetically modifided life can be patented

ohio university

Oct 2, 1980

first transgenic animals

Eli Lilly

Oct 2, 1982

placed human insulin in bacteria

schell chilton van montagu fraley and horch

Oct 2, 1983

Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer in plants

kary mullis

Oct 2, 1983

invented polymerase chin reaction

feffries

Oct 2, 1985

applied RFLP in DNA for criminal cases

gene movement

Oct 2, 1985

genes movied with gene gun

NIH

Oct 2, 1994

reviews safety guidlines for recombiant DNA

Andrew Fire

Oct 2, 1996

dicoverd RNA interferecnce ,slicing genes of C. elegans

kohler milstein and jerne

Oct 2, 1997

monoclonal antibody technology

Maynard Olson

Oct 2, 1997

yeast artificial chromsomes

Ian wilmut

Oct 2, 1997

dolly the sheep

DNA microarry

Oct 2, 1997

looking at the whole DNA chin

Dabiri and Garner

Oct 2, 1999

invented the atoumatic DNA squincer

ron breaker

Oct 2, 2002

cloned a gene that regulates gene exprestion

Human Genome

Oct 2, 2003

finally finished the program