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Women's rights
In the early 1930s women in Spain were not well educated and most of them couldn't read or spell.
Also, they were under the authority of men, whom were their fathers or their husbands.
In 1931, only privilege women were allowed to vote, and there were only three women in the parliament.
The women's suffrage rights were highly debated in the parliament due to the oposition of some progresive members. -
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1931-1933
This period is known as the Bienio Reformista which introduced this reforms: The army officers had to swear loyalty to the Republic and the ones who didn’t were transferred to the reserves. A law known as the agrarian reform was passed expropriating large estates and uncultivated land. The labour reforms regulated contracts between employers and workers. Education was made a priority because it was seen as the key of progress. Civil marriage and divorce were legalised. -
The municipal elections
In the municipal elections republican candidates won in nearly all the provincial capitals. Although the monarchists won overall, the elections were seen as a victory for the republicans. -
Alfonso XIII went into exile
: Alfonso XIII went into exile and a provisional government proclaimed the Second Spanish Republic. It was formed by the parties who had signed the Pact of San Sebastián, and was headed by Niceto Alcalá Zamora -
Constitution of 1931
The Constitution of 1931 was approved. It established a fully democratic regime. Many individual freedoms and rights were established. Spain became a non-confessional state with no official religion, secular education was also recognised. Decentralisation allowed the possibility of creating autonomous regions. Finally, assets that were of public use could be expropriated, and public education was promoted. -
Niceto Alcalá Zamora
Niceto Alcalá Zamora became president of the Republic, and Manuel Hazaña was named prime minister. -
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The Generalitat de Catalunya
The Catalan statute was passed in this year and the Generalitat de Catalunya was created -
General José Sanjurjo
General José Sanjurjo led a failed coup d’état. -
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Isolation of villages
Misiones pedagógicas took cultural events to isolated villages. -
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Bienio Conservador
In this period Republican changes were halted, and the participants in General Sanjuro's coup attempt were now allowed to return to their military posts -
Casa Viejas
In Casa Viejas (Cádiz) a peasant uprising was violently repressed. -
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Elections 1933
After Manuel Azaña resigned, Spain had new elections where some right-wing groups joined tod¡gether to form a large party calle COFEDERACIÓN ESPAÑOLA DE DERECHAS AUTONOMAS (CEDA). This was led by José Gil Robles.
The centre and right parties won the elections and, also, the radical party which was led by Alejandro Lerroux formed a new goverment with the support of the CEDA -
Tensions in politics
THIS HAS NO SPECIFIC DATE, ONLY OCTOBER.
Tensions between the left and right wings grew after Lerroux named three ministers from CEDA, which made the left-wing think that it was anti-democratic. This tensions exploded:
Asturias: there was a general strike where thousands of deaths were brought because the uprising was very reppresed by the army.
Catalonia: they joined the strike and its leader Luís Companys proclaimed himself a Catalan state, but then they were imprissioned -
Bombing of Guernica
After being defeated in Madrid, Franco advanced towards the North, with the help of German aerial attacks. Then in April, the bombambared the Basque town of Guernica, where “civiles” were brutally killed as well. After this evento, Franco controlled much of Spain as he managed to conquer the North. -
Manuel Azaña as president
NO SPECIFIC DATE, ONLY MAY. Manuel Azaña replced Zamora as precident, this led to strikes, violent confrontations and church burnings between the memebers of the workers group and the Falangists. -
Kills
The left wing killed Lieutenant Castillo, which led the right wing to kill José Calvo Sotelo in revenge -
Coup d´état to control Spain
generals started a coup d´état to control Spain, but it failed and lead to a violent Civil War in Spain. The country was divided between the Rebellion and the Republicans.Spanish territory was stratified in; The Republican Spain, social revolutions were acrried out and militias were formed; and the Nationalist Spain, they stablished the military council the Junta de Defenbsa Nacional.
This war became an international conflicto. -
Military rebelion
The military iniciated a military rebelion in Spanish Morocco, which then in july 18th it was extended to Peninsula spain . -
General Franciso Franco
General Franciso Franco was named Generalísimo ( supreme militarybcommander) and head of state. He formed a party called the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FET y de las JONS), composed of the monarc hists and Flangists. -
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Attacks on Madrid
There were aerial attacks on Madrid, followed by artillery fire during the rest of the war. Also during the Battle of Madrid, many rebel supporters were removed from Madrid’s prisons in sacas and killed. The dead were often buried at night without identification in mass graves. -
Battle of MADRID
Since July 1936, the German and Italian troups had been helping Franco to advance towards Madrid, then in November they finally reached it. When this happened, the Republic moved to Valencia. However this attack failed as the Soviets and the International Brigades were protecting the city. Lastly the Rebels tried to sorround the Capital, failing once again -
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Bombs in Barcelona
Barcelona was intensively bombed in March 1938. -
Republicans
after a period when Republicans conquered territories and then the Rebellion regained them, the Republic territory divided in two zones. Then in 1938, the Republicans attemped their last big battle. The Battle of the Ebro. This ended in November as the Republicans army was weakened.. -
Franco entered Madrid
after a long periodo of small confrontations in which Franco took all the territories. They finally entered Madrid, which ended with the end of the war. -
Cartillas de racionamiento
The rating books (cartillas de racionamiento) were introduced in this date and they were the method that the government used to ration food so that each person was only allowed to obtain a certain amount of food each day.
