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Period: Nov 7, 1542 to
Spanish California
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First Spanish Colonization, mission in San Diego
Founded by Father Junipero Serra -
Period: to
21 Spanish missions founded
-founded by franciscians
-Used as forts against English
-Used also to 'convert' Indians and teach them Spanish Culture -
Shakers founded by "mother" Ann Lee
-19th century commune
-Religious group
-name derived from religious dance
-many communities by mid 1800s
-prohibited marriage, men and women slept in separate buildings
"eldresses" - women leaders -
Period: to
Grimke Sisters
Abolitionists who desired everything from freedom of slaves to women suffrage -
Period: to
Horace Mann
-Greatest educational reformer of the 19th century
-first Secretary for the department of Education in Massachusettes
-Advocated
-raising tax dollars for education
-training for teachers
-Kids of similar age in same class
-less use of physical punishment -
Expatriation
American Colonization Society
-wealthy virginians proposed gradual emancipation with compensation for masters and freed slaves -free slaves taken back to africa -overall unsuccesful due to number of slaves and opposition of blacks and whites -
High Schools form for upper class males in Massachusettes
Vocational schools for upper class males -
Santa Fe Trail
Independence Missouri to Sante Fe -
Period: to
Mexican California
Mexican revolution ended Spanish control
-missions becam eparished churches, sold to rancheros or abandoned Americans Allowed to Settle in California if:
-became american citizens
-acept Roman Catholic faith
-purchase land grant -
American Colonization in Mexico
-Stephen Austin moves into Mexico with 150 Americans
-Mexicans have growing concern of American immigration -
New Harmony, Indianna founded by Robert Owen
-19th Century commune
-Anti-industrial, wanted to return to an agrarian society
-failed -
Expatriation
Monrovia, Liberia founded for slaves -
William Lloyd Garrison
Abolitionist and publisher for The Liberator -demanded immediate emancipation
-demanded full civil rights for slaves -Founded American slavery society -
Co-education begins at Oberlin College, Ohio
Blacks were admitted to princeton and Dartmouth pre-civil war -
Goliad Massacre
Santa Anna Kills 350 surrendered Texans -
Battle of San Jacinto
Sam Houston's army defeats Santa Anna
Santa Anna forced to sign treaty grantig Texas independence -
Frederick Douglas
Born into slavery in Maryland
escaped in 1838
traveled to England to speak against American slavery
-wrote "narrative of the live of Frederick Douglas" - 1845
-Moved to Rochester N.Y. and began publishing anti-slavery newspaper -
Roman Catholic schools begin in New York City
Angry at protestant bias in public schools First Irish immigration built school systems
Then Italian and Polish immigration grew even more -
Mount Holyoke - first all women's college
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Oregon Trail
Independence Missuouri to Oregon -
Mormon Trail
Navou Illinois to Salt Lake City Utah -
California Trail
Along Oregon trail but depart South towards Sutter's fort
-6 months in a covered wagon
-donner party disaster -
Manifest Destiny
Belief that God wanted American people to spread their cultur and population to Pacific Coast -
Brookfarm, Massachussettes
-19th century commune
-Transcendental experiment
-failed by 1847
-nathaniel Hawthornes dissulusionement evident in "A Blithedale Romance" -
Election of 1844 and Oregon conflict
Conflict of Americans moving into British Oregon in 1840s James k Polk - Democratic candidate from tennessee
"Young Hickory" - "54'40' or fight!" vs Henry Clay - whigh Polk wins and reaches compromise - boundary set at 49th Parallel -
San Miguel was last Spanish Mission to be secularized
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Texas become slave state
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Bear Flag revolt
Sonoma June 14, 1846 -
Montery captured
Captured by Sloat -
Period: to
Attitude towards Mexican War
Supported by West, South, and Urban North
Opposed by most whigs (lincoln), abolitionists (William Lloyd Garrison), Henry David Thoreau -
Period: to
Mexican War
-Causes:
-Conflict with Americans moving into Mexican territory
-Anger of losing Texas
-Boundary disputes between Neuces and Rio de Janeiro
California issue:
-English interest in CA
-Polk Larkin Plan - encouraged Californians to separate from mexico on their own
-Fremont comes to CA in 1846 Start of war:
-After Mexico refuses to see U.S. diplomat, Pole send General Taylor to defend border at Rio Grande. Skirmish develops, U.S. declares war -
San Pasqual
Mexican Victory -
San Gabriel
Last battle in CA near LA -
Battle of Buena Vista
Zachary Taylor wins -
Capture of Mexico City
Winfield Scott captures Mexico city -
Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo
-America paid Mexico for debts incurred by Americans
-Mexicans living in America had their rights and property protected
-Mexico ceded its northern territories
-boundary set at Rio Grande -U.s. increased its land by 1/3
-North and South feud intensifies -
Seneca Falls Conference
"Declaration of sentiments and resolutions" written by E.C. Stanton
-desired women voting
most women leaders were quakers -
California Gold Rush
California desired statehood:
President Polk announced all gold that was found to be tax free
Many lower class men moved to Cali to search for gold -
Compromise of 1850
Henry Clays proposal -admit CA as a free state
-Stope slave trade in DC
-Create Utah and New Mexico territories with Pop. soverinty
create stiff fugitive slave law
- Harriet Beecher Stowe's "uncle tom's cabin" -
Kansas - Nebraska Act of 1854
Stephen Douglas - Illinois democrat from Tennesse
proposed railroad line to the west and have Chicago as hub South wanted the railroad through the south Douglas proposes to create Kansas and Nebraska territories which would nullify the Missouri Compromise Franklin Pierce (president) signs act -
Republican Party
Formed in opposition to extension of slavery through Kansas-Nebraska act most were former whigs including lincoln opposed popular soverignty, thought slavery should be a fed. issue included free soil party and "know nothings" (American Party)
-opposed Roman Catholicism and immigration
-opposed Irish and Chinese
-wanted west to be settled by whites only -
Bleeding Kansas
Kansas erupts into civil war: abolitionists vs. pro-slavery advocates John Brown kills 5 pro-slavery men at Pottowottamie -
300 Vocational schools for males, mostly in the New England Area
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Election of 1860
2 issues: states rights but more importantly slavery Republicans nominate Lincoln: want fed gov't to prevent slavery in west
Northern democrats nominate Douglas: support popular soverignty
southern democrats nominate breckenridge: fed gov't should protect slavery in west
whigs (constitutional party) nominate John Bell Lincoln loses (less than 40%) of popular vote
but wins electoral vote South Carolina secedes -
Wyoming first territory to have limited voting rights
Attempt to increase population and apply for statehood -
Utah second territory to have limited voting rights
Attempt to increase population and apply for statehood