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Keystone View Company published Visual Education, a teacher's guide to lanter slides and stereographs
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Department of Visual Instruction was created
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During World War II, US Army Air Force produced more than 400 training films and 600 filmstrips. In a 2 year period, it was estimated that there were over 4 million showings of the training films to US military personnel. (p.19)
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Benjamin Bloom and his colleagues published the "Taxonomy of Educational Objectives which boosted behavioral objective (p24)
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behavioral objectives were given another boost when Benjamin Bloom and his colleagues published the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
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One factore that spurred the growth of instructional television was the 1952 Federal Communications Commission set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes (p.20)
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Robert Miller developed a detailed task analysis methodology- Psychological Principles in System Development (p23)
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B.F. Skinner wrote an article titled, "The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching". It described his ideas regarding the requirements for increasing human learning and the desired characteristics of effective instructional materials. (p23)
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Soviet Union launched the first orbiting space satellite, which lead to the US Government pouring millions of dollars into improving math and science education in the US (p25)
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The concepts that were being developed in such areas as task analysis, objective specification, and criterion-referenced testing were linked together to form a process for systematically designing instructional materials. (p25)
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emergence of criterion-referenced testing
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Robert Mager recognized the need to teach educators how to write objectives. Wrote "Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction"
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Ford Foundation decided to focus its support on public television in general, rather than on in-school applications of instructional television.
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Gordon Pask - created adaptive teaching machine, made use of computer technology
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Robert Gagne wrote "The conditions of Learning" which described 5 domain, or types, of learning outcomes- verbal information, intellectual skills, psychomotor skills, attitudes, and cognitive strategies.
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Saettler indicated that museums "served as the central administrative units for visualinstruction by their distribution of portable museum exhibits, stereographs, slides, films, study prints, charts, and other instructional materials" (p.89)
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General systems theory emerged as another fundamental tenet of instructional design
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Definition of field evolves, viewing IDT as a process
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Several branches of the US military adopted an instructional design model intended to guide the development of training materials within those branches (p26)
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Computers were being used for instructional purposes in more tham 40% of all elementary schools and more than 75% of all secondary schools in the United States. (p.20)
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Papert indicated that the computer was going to be "a catalyst of very deep and radical change in the education system" (p.20)
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IDT is described in terms of five domains—design, development, utilization, management and evaluation
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Schools possessed one computer for every nine students
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By 1999, 64% of classrooms had computers with Internet Access.
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During the first decade of the 21st Century, there was a significant growth in online learning in business and industry and the military, as well as K-12 and higher education (p27)
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Merrill proposes Pebble-in-the-Pond approach
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Internet access was available in 93% of classrooms (p21)
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In 2010, a survey revealed that over 50% of college faculty used social media for instructional purposes.