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States and national citizenship were the subjects of considerable controversy.
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The controversy over citizenship was the Supreme Court’s decision in 1857 in Dred Scott v. Sandford.
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He was a slave and sued the executor of his former master’s estate under the state-citizenship diversity jurisdiction of the federal courts.
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They strongly opposed Dred Scott, in which the Chief Justice also stated that Congress could not bar slavery from the federal territories.
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The Republican Party won control of the White House in the election of 1860.
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The Republican Party was in control of the 39th Congress.
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The national citizenship was dependent on many things; such as state citizenship, so that those who were state citizens under state law, and only those people, were citizens of the US.