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Estates-General
B*, B*, Cahiers des doléances et reclamations des femmes, 1789, reprinted, translated by Karen Offen. Paris, 1981. ID: An unknown Madame B*** B***, wrote in protest to the Estates-General blaming them for misusing and subordinating women and fought for their representation. SIG: The grievance presented brings to light the double standard of sexual morality to the Estates-General, as well as those who read it. The writer opened up the topic for discussion and made it public. -
Revolutionary France
Hunt, Lynn. The French Revolution and Human Rights: A Brief Documentary History. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1996. ID: Edited, translated, and introduced by Lynn Hunt. She is the "Eugene Weber" professor of Modern European History at UCLA and focuses on the French Revolution. SIG: The selected primary documents allow readers to explore the issue of women's rights and citizenship that were endangered by the French Revolution which helped define modern notions of civil rights. -
One of the First Woman Graduates
V.N. Lapin. Русский: Суслова Надежда Прокопьевна. Postcard. St. Petersburg: n.d. Rulex. ID: Pictured is Nadezhda Suslova, one of the first women to graduate with a medical degree. She officially became a student at the University of Zurich when it was eventually opened to women. SIG: Suslova painted the way for women to attend higher education. She moved within Europe to avoid schools that banned women, and eventually graduated with a degree that only men had until that point. -
Beginning of the Belle Époque
Manet Edouard, Nana, Oil on Canvas, 1877, 154 cm x 115 cm, Kunsthalle Hamburg, Hamburg. ID: By Edouard Manet, "Nana," painting, oil on canvas, 1877, 154 cm x 115 cm, Kunsthalle Hamburg, Hamburg. SIG: Manet's piece, refused at the Salon of Paris, captured a controversial topic within Europe through the use of the female body. A high-class prostitute is seen with her next male client; nana is looking directly at the viewer, challenging their gaze and societal norms within Europe at the time. -
Early Modern Revolutionary France
Kale Steven D. French Historical Studies, Vol. 25, No. 1. "Women, the Public Sphere, and the Persistence of Salons." Duke University Press, 1957. ID: Steven D. Kale is an author and teaches courses on 19th-century Europe, modern France, and postwar Europe, with a focus on modern French history. SIG: This text focuses on women in the public sphere, and salons. Many scholars, historians, and figures of Europe commented on women's involvement in society - Rousseau can be seen in opposition. -
Civil War Era
Fraser Antonia, "The Weaker Vessel; Woman's lot in seventeenth-century England", Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London (1984). ID: Lady Antonia Fraser is a British author of novels, biographies, and fiction. She won the Wolfson History Award in 1984 for The Weaker Vessel. SIG: This text studies women's lives in 17th century Europe. The reader can see how women were treated, what was expected of them, and all things related. Also, many accounts were taken, bringing the reader into the era of man. -
Age of the French Revolution
Landes Joan. Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution, Ithaca, N.Y., 1988. ID: Joan B. Landes is. professor of Women's Studies and History at Pennsylvania State University and is an author of many titles. SIG: Landes' text takes a look at the representation of women, their roles, and the overall impact public life in the 18th century had on them. Here we can see the representation of women under the Old Regime during and after the Revolution, highlighting inequalities.