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39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German Confederation.
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Berlin Rioters forced a constitutional convention to write up a liberal constitution for the Kingdom, paving the way for unification.
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Prussia and Austria formed an alliance and went to war against Denmark to win two borders provinces, Schelswig and Holstein.
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Bismarck purposely stirred up border condflicts with Austria over Schleswig and Holstein. The tensions provoked Austria into declaring was on Prussia.
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Bismarck had achieved Prussian dominance over Germany and Europe "by blodd and iron."