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Educational Film
educational film was being produced -
First school museum opens in St. Louis
The exact date is not known, just that it opened in 1905 -
Instructional Films
- the first catalog of instructional films was published in the U.S.
- the public school system of Rochester, NY became the first to adopt films for regular instructional use
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Visual Instruction Movement
marked increase in the use of visual materials (filma, pictures, lantern slides) in public schools -
Period: to
Audiovisual Instruction
focus of the field shifted from visual instruction to audiovisual instruction -
The creation of the Department of Visual Instruction
merging of the three existing national professional organizations for visual instruction -
Instructional Design Procedures
In the 1940s, psychologists and educators developed training materials for the military services which were the origins of instructional design procedures -
Period: to
Behavioral Learning Theory
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Television
In the 1950s ...
* increased interest in television as a medium for delivering instruction
* researchers at IBM developed the first CAI author language and designed one of the first CAI programs to be used in public schools -
Period: to
IT is a Process
discussed instructional technology as a process instead of equating it with media -
Education Television
the FCC decided to set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes -
Skinner's Article
B.F. Skinner's article "The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching" began a minor revolution in education. -
Period: to
Programmed Instruction Movement
... from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s -
Bloom's Taxonomy was created
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Period: to
CAI Systems
From the 1960s to the early 1970s, CAI systems such as PLATO and TICCIT were developed. -
Period: to
Behavioral and cognitive information processing theory dominated psychology
throughout the 1960s and 1970s -
Period: to
Gagne's theory evolved throughout throughout the 60s, 70s, and 80s
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Period: to
Instructional Theory
the birth of instructional theory and active research on instructional strategies -
Preparing Objectives
Robert Mager wrote "Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction" to teach educators how to write objectives. -
Ford Foundation
The Ford Foundation decided to focus its support on public television instead of instructional television, which caused growth to stall -
First definition
first definition to be approved by the major professional organization within the field of educational technology was published -
Robert Gagne's Publication
publication of first edition of "The Conditions of Learning" by Robert Gagne: 5 domains of learning outcomes and 9 events of instruction -
General Systems Theory
Silvern presented an early attempt to apply general systems theory as an approach to accomplishing learning tasks and solving instructional problems -
Formative Evaluation
Michael Scriven coined the term "Formative Evaluation" and contrasted is with Summative Evaluation. -
Period: to
Instructional Design Models
Throughout the 1970s, the number of instructional design models greatly increased -
Commission of Instructional Technology
Commission of Instructional Technology established by the US government to examine potential benefits and problems associated with increased use of instructional technology in schools -
Second Definition
the Commission of Instructional Technology developed two definitions of instructional technology: 1 reflected older view, 1 described it as a process -
Period: to
Cognitive Information Processing Theory
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Military Model
Several branches of the U.S. military adopted an instructional design model. -
Third Definition
Association for Educational Communication and Technology (AECT) adopted a definition of the field that was 16 statements spread over 7 pages, with 9 pages of tables and graphs and 9 more chapters of elaboration -
Period: to
Technological Advances
many developments affected the field of instructional technology ... technological advances: microcomputer, interactive video, CD-ROM, Internet, distance learning, collaborative learning -
Period: to
Personal Computers
In the 1980s ...
* instructional design was having little impact on public education
* increasing interest in the use of personal computers for instructional purposed -
Period: to
Cognitive Learning Theory
shift to cognitive learning theory and related instructional theories -
Computer Usage
Computers were being used for instructional purposes in more than 40% of all elementary schools and more than 75% of all secondary schools in the U.S. -
Period: to
Computers and Movements
During the 1990s ...
* computers were used primarily for drill and practice and word processing
* human performance improvement movement
* growing interest in constructivist views of teaching and learning -
Period: to
Constructivism
shift to constructivism and situated learning -
Period: to
Constructivism
constructivism came to prominence as an educational philosophy -
Period: to
Major shift for instructional designers
early 1990s marked a major shift for instructional designers as a first challenge to positivist or objectivist psychology -
Another AECT Definition
the AECT provided a concise definition statement instead of their ridiculously long one -
Period: to
Rapid Advances in Computers
In the 2000s ...
* rapid advances in computers and other digital technology have led to a rapidly increasing interest in, and use of, media for instructional purposes
* increasing use of the Internet as a means of presenting instruction to learners -
Period: to
More attention to practice, engagement, and experience
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Yet another AECT Definition
AECT came out with a new definition of the field of educational technology, adding the words "ethical" and "facilitate"