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Instructional Television and Computer Usage
Instructional television and computer usage grew and were used in education and training (Reiser, 1987). Instructional television added diversity in learning by exposing students new types of technology. Introduction of such technology, motivated learners and created more classroom discussions, reinforcing what was being taught (Reiser, 1987). Image retrieved from http://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/purduetoday/didyouknow/2014/Q4/did-you-know-midwest-program-on-airborne-television-instruction.html -
B.F. Skinner - Programmed Instruction
There are three steps in design of the programmed instruction:
1.To specify the goal of instruction: what is to be learned
2.To identify the 'entry skills of the learners'.
3.To develop a series of steps that will get the students form where they are to where they should be: instruction is programmed in small steps, i.e. successive approximations to the desired behavior. (Skinner, 1958)
Image retrieved from https://www.biography.com/people/bf-skinner-9485671 -
Jean Piaget - Cognitivism
The theory of cognitive development explains how a child constructs a mental model of the world. He "disagreed with the idea that intelligence was a fixed trait, and regarded cognitive development as a process which occurs due to biological maturation and interaction with the environment" (McLeod, 2009).
Image retrieved from https://www.biography.com/people/jean-piaget-9439915 -
Bloom's Taxonomy
Bloom’s Taxonomy "is a classification system developed in 1956 by education psychologist Benjamin Bloom to categorize intellectual skills and behavior important to learning" (Heather, n.d). Bloom identified six cognitive levels: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation, with sophistication growing from basic knowledge-recall skills to the highest level, evaluation (Heather, n.d). Image retrieved from http://oaks.nvg.org/taxonomy-bloom.html -
National Defense Education Act (NDEA) was Passed
After the NDEA was passed, "the government funded media research and curriculum development (especially in mathematics and science) as well as university-based research and development" (Treat, Wang, Chadha, and Dixon, 2006). Image retrieved form https://www.pinterest.com/pin/514395588662400403/ -
PLATO - Computer-Based Education System
The "Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations, computer-based education system was created by Donald L. Bitzer" (Jones, 2017). In addition to being used successfully as a teaching tool, PLATO also spawned one of the first successful online communities (Jones, 2017). Image retrieved from http://www.edudemic.com/classroom-technology/ -
Robert Glasser - Criteria-Referenced Testing
He won international recognition in the field of measurement when "he initiated the criterion-referenced testing movement-tests that were not references to rank orders of individuals but rather to performance levels that describe what students know and can do" (Blake, 2012). Image retrieved from http://www.news.pitt.edu/Glaser_Obit -
Robert Gagne - Conditions of Learning
This theory stipulates that there are several different types or levels of learning. Gagne identifies five major categories of learning: "verbal information, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, motor skills and attitudes" (Conditions, 2015). Different internal and external conditions are necessary for each type of learning (Conditions, 2015). Image retrieved https://cognitivism-collaboration.wikispaces.com/gagne,+robert -
Graduate Programs
In the late 1960's through the early 1970's, graduate programs in instructional design were initiated. (Treat, Wang, Chahda, & Dixon, 2006). Image retrieved from http://www.presentermedia.com/index.php?target=closeup&id=8164&categoryid=116&maincat=clipart -
ADDIE Model
The five phases - Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation - represent a dynamic, flexible guideline for building effective training and performance support tools. Most of the current instructional design models are variations of the ADDIE model; other models include the Dick & Carey and Kemp ISD models (ADDIE, 2013).
Image retrieved form http://www.presentermedia.com/powerpoint-templates/templates/four-piece-interactive-chevron-tool-kit/5783-ppt.html -
Dick and Carey Model
Dick and Carey's model (1996) is systematic in nature. The model is a procedural system including ten major process components (nine basic steps in an iterative cycle and a culminating evaluation of the effectiveness of the instruction) (Dick, 1996) Image retrieved from http://www.presentermedia.com/index.php?target=closeup&id=9235&categoryid=116&maincat=clipart -
Micro-Computers
Microcomputers have caused numerous educational applications to emerge. Computer-based instruction, experimental learning, programing and algorithmic problem formulation, and problem solving capabilities have been developed to match the needs of learners (Aiken & Braun). Image retrieved from https://www.pinterest.com/fionngrimleyr/vintage-technology/ -
Rapid Prototyping
Prototyping as it applies to instructional design, "is to develop learning experiences in a continual design-evaluation cycle that continues throughout the life of the project" (Culatta, 2013). This cycle, "known as the spiral cycle or layered approach, is considered to be iterative, meaning that products are continually improved as they cycle continues" (Culatta, 2013). Image retrieved from https://www.uxpin.com/studio/blog/what-is-a-prototype-a-guide-to-functional-ux/ -
Human Performance Improvement (HPI)
The HPI is a performance-based approach to improve outcomes within an organization. A cause analysis "is conducted to determine what impact the work environment (information, resources, and incentives) and the people (motives, individual capacity, and skills) are having on performance" (Performance, 2016). Image retrieved from https://yourstory.com/2015/05/performance-matrix/ -
Constructivism
The three main tenants of the constructivist design theory have evolved over the years and consist of the following: "learning results from personal interpretation or experience, learning is an active process occurring in realistic and relevant situations, and learning results from an exploration of multiple perspectives" (Richey, Klein, & Tracey, 2011, p. 130). Image was from retrieved from http://www.presentermedia.com/index.php?target=closeup&id=13987&categoryid=139&maincat=clipart -
The ASSURE Model
The ASSURE model "provides a systematic way to develop lessons that integrate the use of technology and media to enhance student learning" (Smaldino, Lowther, & Russell, 2008). The ASSURE model uses a step-by-step process for planning a lesson and the technology and media that will enhance it. Each of the six letters in the ASSURE acronym map to a step in the process (Smaldino, et al., 2008). Image was retrieved from https://sites.google.com/site/bungakumbang92/assure-model -
Web-Based Instruction
Web-based instruction has evolved from any number of computer-based instructional methods. From "Web-based instruction and distance learning to virtual reality and online peer communities, training and technology are converging in rapid and radical ways" (Mathew & Dohery-Poirier, 2000). Image retrieved from http://every-day-is-special.blogspot.com/2015/08/august-23-happy-birthday-world-wide-web.html -
Competency-Based Education (CBE)
The competency-based education (CBE) approach "allows students to advance based on their ability to master a skill or competency at their own pace regardless of environment" (Competency-based, 2017). More efficient student outcomes are achieved due to providing a method that is tailored to meet a diverse population of learners and learning abilities. Image retrieved from http://www.blackboard.com/competency-based-education/index.aspx
