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2100 BCE
Apprenticeships
Apprenticeships began because jobs became to complex to learn in a short period of time. Often the apprentice would live with the master. Although the apprentice was not paid, he was trained in specific skill or trade, which took several years. Apprenticeships still exist today in the United States. To ensure safety and equality they are protected by the U.S. Department of Labor. -
1066 BCE
Guilds
Guilds consisted of associations of people whose interests or pursuits were the same or similar. By coming together for a common goal they received protection, assistance, and advantage. Guilds were responsible for regulating workers hours, tools, prices, and wages. Therefore, apprenticeships, fell under the control of guilds -
Vocation and Manual Schools
With the onset of industrialism, there was a swift change in training and learning practices. Vocational schools provided training in skills related specific jobs. The very first vocational school was created in the United States in New York. However, the greatest change in the training and learning practices were with manual schools due to the Land Grant of 1862. The grant provided a way for average people to get an education, which had previously been restricted to the wealthy. -
Human Relations Training
In order to be successful, training departments were established during the war. After the war, businesses wanted to continue to train and educate their employees, however it was important to save money while increasing efficiency. The book by B.F.Skinner addressed behaviors, which became the foundation for individualized instruction. -
Programmed Instruction
In book written by Robert F. Mager, it was indicated that objectives should have three components: behavior, condition, and standard. These objective were used to derive the Programmed Instruction. Thus, programmed instruction became increasingly automated through the briefly popular use of teaching machines, which were electromechanical devices for delivering programmed instruction. -
Constructivism
The founder of constructivism is Jean Piaget. His theory on learning consisted of constructing new knowledge. However, this theory also goes hand in and hang with Jerome Burners theory on learning which was a social process, whereby students construct new concepts based on current knowledge, therefore the student selects information, constructs hypotheses, and makes decisions, with the aim of integrating new experiences into his existing mental constructs. -
E-Learning
Technology exploded in the 1990's. therefore training transformed into e-learning, computer based training, online learning. This is beneficial because learners could work at their own pace, gain immediate feedback, repeat training as necessary, stimulated more senses, and was cost effective. -
Theory of Adult Learning
Malcolm Knowels, Theory of Adult Learning, is relevant today in adult education. It informs most training by emphasizing making learning relevant, using learners' experience as a platform for learning, and giving learners some say in how or what they learn.
