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1st school museum opens in St. Louis
School Museum housed visual media and were used as supplementary materials for educators -
1st catalog of instructional film published
Visual instruction facilitated by motion picture projectors -
Visual Instruction Movement
Educational film and other visual materials increasingly used in public schools to present instruction (Reiser, 2018). -
Merging of three existing national professional organizations for visual instruction
Merging created the Department of Visual Instruction, later called the Association for Educational Communications and Technology and "has maintained a leadership role on the field of instructional design and technology" (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018). -
WWII- Division of Visual Aids for War Training created
Produced "457 training films to prepare U.S. civilians to work in industry" (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018). -
WWII- Origins of instructional design procedures
Successful military instructional training materials created by psychologists and researchers using instructional design principles -
Training as a system
Psychologists develop procedures related to analysis, design, and evaluation (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
FCC designates 242 television channels for education
Development of public TV and instructional programming -
B.F. Skinner and "The Science of Leaning and the Art of Teaching"
Seminal article that delineates characteristics of effective instructional materials for learning. "Skinner stated that such materials should present instruction in small steps, require active responses to frequent questions, provide immediate feedback, and allow for learning self pacing" (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018). -
Criterion- Referenced Testing
Criterion- referenced testing measures individual performance against specific criteria, skills, and/or standards -
Behavioral Objectives
Robert Mager's writes Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction, illustrating how to write behavioral, outcome, and standard based objectives for learning. -
Department of Audiovisual Instruction IDT Definition
The first definition of the IDT field to be "approved by the major professional organization within the field of educational technology indicated that the field was not simply about media." The definition focused on the learning and steps to design the learning process (Reiser, 2018). -
Publication of The Conditions of Learning
Author, Robert Gagne "describes five domains of learning outcomes" and "nine events of instruction" which led to "hierarchical analysis process for identifying subordinate skills" (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018). -
Formative Assessment
In response to ineffective instructional materials, Michael Scriven "pointed the need to try out drafts of instructional with leaning prior to the time materials were in their final form" (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) developing formative evaluation/assessment. -
Increase of instructional design models
Instruction design process grows due to US military, academia, business, and industry all employing instructions design models to improve training and learning -
Commission on Instructional Technology definition statement
The Commission on Instructional Technology provides two definitions of the field illustrating both the "dated" view of the field, along with a a second, more evolving view of the field. The second definition reinforced the "systematic process that includes specification of objectives, and the design, implementation, and evaluation of instruction" (Reiser, 2018). -
ADDIE Instructional Design Process/Model
Developed for the US Army by Florida State University, ADDIE stands for Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. The ADDIE process in not a "fully elaborated model, but rather a paradigm of that refers to a family of models that share a common underlying structure (Branch, 2018)." At its core, ADDIE is linear process of instructional design. -
The Dick and Carey Model
Popular in education and schools, the nine stage Dick and Carey model begins with identifying learning and behavioral goals and ends with evaluation. -
Computers and instructional design
Computer based instruction, interactive models of instruction, and using computers to "automate some instructional design tasks" (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
Computers in the classroom
"By January 1983, computers were being used for instructional purposes in more than 40 percent of all elementary schools and more than 75 percent of all secondary schools in the United States" (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018). -
Constructivist teaching and learning
Focus on authentic and real world tasks influence instructional design -
Internet influences
Internet creates opportunities for instructional design in online learning and online courses, as well as informal learning -
AECT Definition
The AECT committee produces a book with the definition: "Education study is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources." This new definition reinforces and defines professional conduct, what and how learners learn, and the importance of the goal of helping learners to apply newly acquired skills (Reiser, 2018). -
Successive Approximation Model (SAM)
The SAM process for design and development provides and alternate approach to the ADDIE process. The SAM had two versions: the two phase version and the three phase version for larger projects. The SAM process follows a preparation phase to for gathering information and conducting a "savvy start," followed by the iterative design and development phase. If needed, the third phase is the separated design and development (Allen, 2018). -
Pebble in the Pond Model
David Merrill's design model uses a "metaphorical environmental pond." "The pebble is an instance of a problem that learners need to be able to solve in context of the pond. The problem peddle thrown into the instructional pond is the trigger for the instructional design process" (Merrill, 2013).