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New York Night Watch Established and
Established a Day Watch in 1844 -
Philly Night Watch Established and a Day Watch in 1833
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Boston Police established the 1st American Police Force
Followed by New York in 1845, Chicago (1851), New Orleans and Cincinnati (1853), Philadelphia (1855), New Jersey and Baltimore (1857). -
Jim Crow Laws came into effect where many African Americans were being murdered due to segregation laws and Police doing nothing about it.
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All major U.S cities established a Municipal Police Force by 1880's -
Prohibition became into effect which criminalized the sales of alcoholic beverages. During the Era, Policing was corrupt causing mistrust of with the public. There was a spark in crime rate occurrences mainly related to minor alcohol crimes. -
Organized crime grew due to prohibition. Prime time for Notorious Gangster Al Capone "Scar Face" and Charles "Lucky" Luciano who gained a lot of profit due to the sales of illegal alcoholic beverages -
Kansas City Massacre occurred where 3 gunmen ambushed and killed unarmed police officers and FBI agents which caused an uproar and motivated the public to condone a war against crime -
President Freddy D. Roosevelt's "New Deal" era implemented policies that helped Law Enforcement fight crime such as the National Firearms Act of 1934 which regulated machine guns and Sawed off shotguns. By 1936 policies implemented in "New Deal" era assisted FBI agents in arresting all major gangsters. -
Many police became soldiers and went to fight in the war -
Many Americans were fired and even sentenced to jail during the 1940s-50's who were suspected of Communism. In addition, those opposed to the politics and their beliefs were also sentenced to jail. FBI was utilizing resources to track down people in power who they suspected were opposed to politics and were fired and arrested. "McCarthyism" ended in 1953 when he began to investigate the Army. He was deemed to reckless relieved of duties. -
During the 1960s people weren't satisfied of the civil rights, including police. Police denied African Americans equal justice which caused race riots in society. Police Brutality was big during this time where they attacked peaceful protestors. A lot of mistrust manifested and police were not reliable after the assassination of JFK and MLK
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Ended discrimination in employment, schools, hospitals, and privately owned places (restaurants, hotels and theaters). This also ended the discrimination against a particular sex. -
The 6 elements of the Professional Model:
- The force should stay out of politics.
- Members should be well-trained, well-disciplines, and tightly organized.
- Laws should be enforced equally.
- The force should use new technology.
- Personnel procedures should be based on merit.
- The main tasks of the police should be fighting crime.
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Much more community engagement was involved during this time period where police used the community to assist in fighting crime. Due to the 1960s and policing, it was difficult due to the mistrust of police.
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Due to many issues with racially biased Officers, community policing was still suffering but was very much needed. The government then decided it was time to reform and invest funding in research against crime and tactics to see what works and what doesn't work.
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Concentration efforts were shifted to Crime Control where they enforced criminal law and traffic law in order to identify and prevent future threats. -
In fear of what happened during 9/11, Police Departments across the country decided to become more militarized by equipping officers with latest technology and equipment. They began to become more eager in hiring military veterans
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In todays age, there has been a huge outbreak across the nation to defund the police.
Police Officers are limited when assisting medically or they can be sued
Many cases go towards being racially biased incentivized encounters.
Citizens mistrust the police due to recent major cases (Floyd, Brown, Martin, etc.).
Police under a lot of scrutiny where proactive policing slowed down.