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The Middle Ages was the time after the fall of the Roman Empire up to the time of the Renaissance. Also known as the Dark Ages, it was originally thought that this period of instability had no contributions to the world. However, without the Middle Ages we would have no Gothic design, no stained glass windows in churches, no illuminated manuscripts, and no sense of chivalry.
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Great campaign against witches coincided with Europe's brutal religious wars and with the early development of new scientific culture among members of Europe's educated elite, even educated people believed in the existence of witches
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Mercantilism is based on the idea that strong nation-states had the opportunity to create a world economy by using a state's military power to ensure local markets and supply sources were protected. Advocates of mercantilism believed the prosperity of a nation was reliant on its supply of capital, and global volume of trade was static. The result was a system of economics that required a positive balance of trade, with surplus exports.
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Lord Chancellor of England- had little influence on actual science. However, like Descartes, he rejected ancient authority and methods of seeking knowledge. He formalised the inductive method and became a leading philosopher of empiricism. Baconian knowledge is far more practical than that of scholastic. Bacon's weakness was in his failure to understand the role of mathematics (as it followed the deductive method)
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When European sailors began entering ‘Australian' waters in the early 1600s, they called it Terra Australis Incognita (unknown land of the South).
Between 1606 and 1770 more than 50 European ships made landfall on Australian soil, which was then inhabited solely by Indigenous people.
Navigator and astronomer Captain James Cook claimed the whole of the east coast of Australia for Great Britain on 22 August 1770, naming eastern Australia 'New South Wales'. -
Science provided Europe with a new faith in itself.
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Decimals came in the express fractions, the symbols used in algebra were improved and standardised, and in 1614 logarithms were invented by Scot John Napier. Coordinate geometry was mapped out by Descartes, the theory of probabilities was developed by Pascal, and calculous was invented simultaneously in England by Newton and in Germany by Leibniz.
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The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment opened a path for independent thought, and the fields of mathematics, astronomy, physics, politics, economics, philosophy, and medicine were drastically updated and expanded. The amount of new knowledge that emerged was staggering. The Enlightenment also prompted the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, which provided rural dwellers with jobs and new cities in which to live.
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French philosophe
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Manufacturing, business, and the number of wage laborers skyrocketed. Technology changed: hand tools were replaced by steam- or electricity-driven machines. Population boomed, and demographics shifted. Because industrial resources like coal and iron were in Central and Northern England, a shift in population from Southern England northward took place. These changes in social and demographic realities created vast pressure for political change as well.
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The basic idea in Romanticism is that reason cannot explain everything. In reaction to the cult of rationality that was the Enlightenment, Romantics searched for deeper, often subconscious appeals. This led the Romantics to view things with a different spin than the Enlightenment thinkers. The Romantics idealized the Middle Ages as a time of spiritual depth and adventure.
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All beliefs, values and knowledge are baseless and cannot be known. Nothing has meaning and nothing exists outside matter. The cosmos operates in a closed, cause and effect system. All human action is considered to be governed by nature and nurture. Humans cannot be held responsible for their actions.
Friedrich Nietzche famously commented on the deterioration of morality in western society. -
The "Stolen Generations" is the name given to at least 100,000 Aboriginal children who were forcibly removed or taken under duress from their families by police or welfare officers.
Apparent motivations include child protection, the belief that the Aboriginal people would die out given their catastrophic population decline after white contact,[7] and the belief that full-blooded Aboriginal people resented miscegenation and the mixed-race children fathered and abandoned by white men. -
There is no longer one worldview that bonds western culture. Movement from "nothing has meaning" in Nihilism to "whatever is constructed has meaning" in this way, Postmodernism stems from Nihilism with a linguistic twist.
Prime reality is what you make it, God does not exist, all worldviews are equally credible, the physical world is all there is.