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In 1875 the monarchy was restored under Alfonso XII of Bourbon (1875-1885) son of Isabella II. The Bourbon Restoration in Spain was made possible by two processes.
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The Spanish Socialist Worker´s Party (PSOE) was founded by Pablo Ingles in 1879 and was consolidated by the huge surge in the labour movement during this period.
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The Restoration was mantiained by the regency of Maria Cristina (1885-1902) while her son Alfonso XII was still a child
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Catalan nationalism demanded official status for the Catalan language, the establishment os Catalan political parties and courts, and Catalan autonomy. In 1982 its proposals were declared in the Bases de Manresa, written by Prat de la Riba.
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War erupted in the Pacific (he Philippines) and the Atlantic (Cba and Puerto Rico). In both conflicts, Spanish fleets were destroyed by the US. Spain was forced to sign the 1898 Treaty of Paris, where they recognised the independence of Cuba, Puerto Rico and Philippines.
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Alfonso XIII acceded to the throne in 1902 in a political enviornment characterised by the crisis of Canovas del Castillo´s political system, the influence of regenerationism and the deaths of Canovas (1987) and Sagasta (1903).
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Spanish occupation of its protectorate led to a war with the inahabitants of the Rif; a war that in 1909 required reservists to be called up the majority of whom were fathers. This set off violent protest in Barcelona, which became knownas the Tragic Week of 1909. The harsh repression by Maura´s conservative government caused the liberals to break their pact of rotation with him.
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Spain suffered a brutal defeat in the Rif War against Morocco in what was know as the Disaster at Annual, resulting in 10000 deaths and widespread public commotion, negatively influencing public opinion.
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The dictatorship of Primo Rivera went through two stages, wich had two different goverments
-The Military Directory(1923-1925)
-The Civil Directory (1825-1930) -
Alfonso XIII tried to go back to the parliamentary system, first with the goverment of General Dmaso Berenguer and later with Admiral Aznar. however, the citizens disaproval of the king´s support for the dictatorship led to significant Republican victories in the 1931 municipal elections for several major cities. the king went into exile on 14 April 1931 ad the Second Republic was declared.
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-Consevative Biennium (1933-1936): The elections in 1933 led to a victory of the political right and a centre.
-The Popular front (February-June 1936): The new goverment, led by Manuel Azaña and later by Santiago Casares Quiroga, granted amnesty for all political prisoners of the 1934 revolution. -
The new government halted the majority of the previous reforms, wich led to an increase in strikes and more actions by left-wing parties. CEDA then demanded positions in the government. This sparked the October Revolution of 1934, which was most intense in Asturias and Barcelona.
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-Military uprising: The coup détat began in Melilla, Tetuam and Ceuta on 17 July 1936.
-The stages of the warm: The objective of the insurgents was to take Madrid.
-Evolution of the Republicans and insurgents:
·The Republican zone: A social revolution took place that made
land and industries.
·The Nationalist zone: This zone was controlled by the
insurgents who suspended Republican reforms
-The war´s repercussions: The war caused more than 380.000 deaths and 350.000 exiles. -
The war then moved to the Cantabrian coast and involved harsh battles, as reflected by the bombing of Gernika by the German air force´s Condor Legion on 26 April 1937. The German air force enabled the insurgents to control key insdustrialand mining areas.
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In 1939 was when the insurgents get to enter in Marid with no resistence.
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On 1 December 1874, Canovas wrote a manifiesto, signed in Sandhurts, whre he promised a constitutional government.
