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This was proclaimed during Napoleon's invasion & included the radical principle of univeral male sufferage, but the Bourbon restoration abolished this democratic measure.
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The Factory Act of 1833 legislated that workers were entitled to certain holidays throughout the year. Employers were reluctant to comply.
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The Peace Congress held in Paris in 1856 accepted the Russian concessions & restored Paris as the diplomatic centre of Europe
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22.5 million serfs were emancipated in 1861.
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Napoleon III declared war against Prussia.
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The consolidation & unification fuelled by political leaders created modern Germany & Italy. This alterd the balance of power in Europe
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