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This Period was when exploration and discovery began which led life to be the way it is today.
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Funded by Spanish monachs Ferdinand and Isabella, Columbus and his crew set sail for Asia because they were looking for a shorter route. When his crew and ships reached landed, they thought they made a succesful trip, but they were in the Bahamas and refered to the people as Indians. This began exploration for the major powers in Europe.
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Spain wanted to secure its claim to Columbus’s discovery. They didn't want others to capitalize on the possible resources and land. To do this, Spain created the Treaty of Tordesillas. This created line which divided with Portugal the land in the new world. Spain got the better of the deal by getting everything west of the line.
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Juan Ponce de León was sailing and came across what he thought to be an island. This happened to be what he named Florida. While here, León was looked for gold. It is also believed that he looked for the mythical fontain of youth. On his second voyage in 1521 he was killed by an Indian arrow.
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Vaco Nuñez Balboa was the in the area of Panama, and with his crew, they journeyed across the Isthmus of Panama. After seeing the new ocean, Balboa claimed all the land that the ocean touched for Spain.
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Magellan was one to challenge the thought that the world was flat so that Spain could find a shorter way to Asia. To do so, he set sail on August 10, 1519. After he passed South America and got to the Phillipines, he was killed by the natives there. His crew, however, finished the expidition in 1522.
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After departing from Cuba, Cortés went towards Mexico to the Aztec Empire. After meeting some ambassadors of the empire, he and his men said they had a disease that only gold could cure. The unsuspecting Aztecs then gave as much gold as they could. After a while, the Spanish got greedy and then started to lay siege to the Aztec Empire. The Spanish finally got the control in 1521.
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Francisco Pizzaro went to South America. After finding the Incans, he went to battle and destroyed them. After this victory, Spain had more land and more wealth.
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De Soto went on an expidition starting from Florida. From Florida, deSoto and his troops went westward as far as the Mississippi River. During his trip, de Soto mistreated many Indians. After dying from fever and wounds, his troops disposed of his body in the Missisppi River.
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After the death of her Catholic sister, Mary I, Elizabeth I took over the throne. With Elizabeth I back in power, Protestantism spread back into England. Religious tensions between Catholics and Protestants were extremely high.
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In order to protect sea routes and trade with the colonies they have established the fort at Saint Augustine, Florida. This fort aslo prevented the French and English from moving into Florida.
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After his brother, Humphry Gilbert, failed at colonization in Newfoundland, Sir Walter Raleigh tried his luck. Raleigh went further south and landed on Roanoke Island. In the end, the Roanoke colony mysteriously vanished.
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Phillip II of Spain was against the Protestan Reformation. To stop it, he sent out a fleet of ships to invade England. The English, however, had a fleet of faster and more manuverable ships. This victory marked England's emergance as a world power.
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After the Virginia Company set sail in 1606, they were attack by a small group of Indians. To escape this attack, the company chose a location on the James river and named it Jamestown. this location was easy to defend, but unknown to them, was also infested with mosquitos and disease.
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Although it was detested by James I, tobacco became an irresistable crop from Virginia after John Rolfe eliminated the bitter taste. With the tobacco, more slaves and land were needed to sustain the demand.
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English and Powhatan relations were very tense. This was because the English resorted to stealing from the Powhatan to get food and supplies. The English eventually burned houses, torched cornfields, and took provisions from the Indian villages. A series of battles took place after, but ended with the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe.
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In the New World, a representative govenment has not been etablished yet. This was until The House of Burgesses was established making it the first legislature to be in America.
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In fear of restrictions which Catholics faced in England, the Act of Toleration was passed. This act allowed christians to pratctice their faith freely, but forced the death penalty on Jews and athiests.
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England was having trouble with civil war. Oliver Cromwell led an army against Charles I and beheaded him. Cromwell took over for almost ten year and stopped colonization. Charles II wass eventually restored as King and began colonization once again.
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Slavery was everywhere in the south in order to maintain the large plantations. In order to control the slaves, the English took the slave code from Barbados which denied slaves basic rights and gave them teir legal staus.
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The Spainiards etablished missions to spread the Roman Catholic faith. With this, the Spanish also suppressed the Native American customs. This angered the Native Americans and caused a revolt in which the Native Americans destroyed all of the Catholic churchs. To take a stab at Hernan Cortés, they built a kiva on the ruins of the Spanish plaza in Santa Fe.
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Britain put this act on the colonies hoping it would discourage trade with other countries. This act led only to the smuggling and bribing of goods.
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Georgia was the last of the original 13 colonies. This colony was to act as a buffer colony from the Spanish.
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John Peter Zenger was a writer for a newspaper, who published a controversial, yet true article about the governer. Some people thought this article was outrageous and accused hi of libel. The jury sided with Zengerand this set the basis for the freedom of speech and press.
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Johnathan Edwards was a vital part in the foundation of the Great Awakening. He provided detailed descriptions of what he thought hell was like.
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Paul Revere is a great american hero. We all know him from his famous ride where he warned us about the oncoming Brittish. Before all of this, Pual was born in 1735.
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War and diseases killed many men in the colonies. This left many women and children alone. To help them, Almshouses, or charitable housing for them was established.
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As physicians were getting more common, so were epidemics. When a Diphtheria epidemic broke out in the colonies, many people (mainly children) died.
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In the 1730's, the church "fell asleep". To get the people to respond to the church, changes had to be made. Some changes were made by George Whitefield. He did this with his great oration skills.
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After being tormented by the Irish for their religion, the Scotts-Irish had to find a new place to live. After being advertised in pamphlets, many Scotts-Irish people move to the colonies. The congregated around New York. Eventually, they spread out in the colonies.
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Local slaves in SC had enough torment from their masters. As a result, a revolt ensued by the Stono River. The revolt ended with the slaves being stopped by the local militia.
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Princeton was forunded in 1746. This college was a result of the Great Awakening. It was a step towards the age of reason. It also provided an easier way for ministers and clergy to get certified.
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This act was put in place by the Parliment of England. The purpose for this act was to limit iron production in the colonies. This was to encourage manufacturing in England.
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The slave tradae became more and more essential to the colonies as time went on. The slave trade was so important to the colony of Virginia that nearly half of the population was made up by slaves.
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Starting from an earlier time, the Middle Passage was establish bringing thousands of slave. With the incorporation of the Triangular Trade, all parties weren't left empty handed because they recieved something in return.
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In 1751, Benjamin Franklin discover the lightning rod. This is one of the lating memories we have of Franklin.
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This conflict began as a land dispute between the French and English on American soil. The conflict ended in 1763.
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This treaty was an agreement between Austria and France. The agreement was that the countries wouuld help eachother if they needed help. This showed the Americans how to form an alliance.
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Britain vetos South Carolina's anti-slave trade measures. This was so the Triangular Trade could continue.
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This treaty marked the end of the French and Indian War. This gave England all the land east of the mississippi except for New Orleans. This also marked the dominance of England.
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This conflict began in 1763 between the Ottowa Indians and the Brittish when the Brittish didn't do what they said they would after the French and Indian War. This war endedbadly for the Indians because they failed to receive French aid.
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England was in great debt after the Seven Years War. Parliament, therefore, passed the first ever act to raise tax revenue throughout the colonies in order to fortify the treasury of Britain.
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This march was led by the Scots-Irish on the Quakers in the city of Philadelphia. The Scotts-Irish were protesting the leniency of the Quaker towards Indians.
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The Great Awakening gave the colonists a renewed interest in education. However, there were not many options for colleges. This was until Brown, Rutgers, and Dartmouth were established.
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Becoming a physician was becoming an expensive process for colonists because they would have to travel back to England for training. It wasn't until the University of Pennsylvania established a branch for medicine in 1765 that people got more accessible training to be a physician.
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There were many British soldiers in the colonies before the Revolution to enforce laws. Britain passed the Quartering Act so colonists would have to provide food and quarters for British troops when needed.
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George Greenville was the prime minister of England at this time. In order to raise money that England had lost in the 7 Years War, he imposed the Stamp act on top of the Sugar Act. This Stamp Act put a tax on all paper products.
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The colonists were very upset with the Stamp Act. In order to counter, they formed the Stamp Act Congress. They just proposed a non-importation agreement which didn't make a big effect. However, as time went on, the congress gained followers and Parliament was forced to repeal the Stamp Act.
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After the Stamp Act failed, the British needed to assert their authority. To do this, they created the Declaratory Act which stated that they could create any legislation to govern the colonies.
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Charles Townshend, the British Prime Minister, promised he would tax the colonists directly. In order to get around this, he set up an indirect customs duty payable at American ports. The tax wasn't paid directly to the British so it didn't violate his promise. However, the colonists were upset that they didn't have representation even when being taxed.
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After seeing the Paxton Boy's March, southerners felt a bit rebellious as well. As a result, an uprising took place in North Carolina because of eastern domination in the colonies.
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Bostonians began taunting and throwing snowballs at a squad of redcoats. Possibly acting without orders, the soldiers opened fire and killed or wounded 11 citizens. One of the first to die was Crispus Attucks, a powerfully built runaway “mulatto” and a leader of the mob.
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The effectiveness of non-importation was wearing off on the ignorance of British acts. Britain was also losing money because the British East India Company couldn't sell their tea. So, Britain gave the company a monopoly on American sales. The Colonists saw what was going on and retaliated by dumping 342 chests of tea in the Boston Harbor.
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Unintentionally, this act was passed at the same time as the Intolerable Acts. This act gave the French control of land from Quebec to Ohio and allowed them to practice their religion and traditions. The colonists thought this was a punishment because their land was given to the French, but this was done to calm the French down from attacking England.
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After the Intolerable Acts were put into effect, the colonists responded by forming a Continental Congress. The most significant action by this congress was agreeing on the complete boycott of British goods.
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The British were very upset with the Boston Tea Party. To punish the colonists, they enforced the Boston Port Act which closed the all Boston Ports until the damages done to the tea were paid for.
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The Battle of Lexington and Concord was the first military conflict between England and the colonies. It started when minute men refused to disperse. 8 American soldiers were killed and more were wounded.
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In order to gain more soldiers, the British had to enlist new people because they were at a population disadvantage. They Lord Dunmore of Virginia issued a proclamation saying slaves who joined the Royal Army would be set free. As a result, many slaves joined and if they didn't die, they were set free in Nova Scotia, Jamaica, and England.
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Many private libraries belonged to clergy. Not many other people even had books because they couldn’t afford them. It wasn't until Ben Franklin established the 1st circulating library in Philadelphia that books became available to the public. By 1776, there were about 50 public libraries.
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When Washington's army was at Valley Forge, they were drastically undersupplied. This was because battle and the weather of winter hit them hard.
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The Articles of Confederation were adopted after half of the Revolutionary War in 1781. It was the by the Continental Congress and was first written constitution adopted by colonists. These articles, however were weak and were eventually replaced.
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During this time, the West was involved in much conflict. Chief Joseph Brant of the Mohawk tribe suggested that the Indians convert to Anglicanism because they he believed that Britain would hold back the Americans from Western expansion. However, the Indians were forced to sign the Treaty of Fort Stanwix which relinquished Indian control of the land they possesed.
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The Land Ordinance of 1785 was the first legislation of its kind. It divided the Old Northwest into 6 mile by 6 mile parcels where each square mile was into square mile sections. The 16th section of each parcel was to be reserved for the benefit of public schools.
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After the end of the Revolution, many soldiers were returning back to their homes. However, impverished farmers were losing their homes. To combat this, Daniel Shays organized a rebillion in order fo rthese veterans to keep their property. Many people joined him, but the wealthy organized a small army and many skirmishes occured.
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After begining to establish themselves as a nation, AMerica needed to establish the priciples on which they stood. One thing the government tried to do was establish a religion and set up a tax to support religion. Thomas Jefferson didn't think this was right so he established the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. This document ended up being the forerunner to the 1st ammendment of the Bill of Rights.
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With new territory, the US didn't know what to do with it. Eventually, the Northwest Ordinance was passed. This ordinance set up how states apply for statehood. An area would need 60,000 residents and its own constituion to be considered for statehood. This ordinance also forbade slavery in the area of the northwest.
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The Constitutional Convention was a crucial moment in our country's history. This convention established the stonger set of laws compared to the Articles of Confederation. After this, the Bill of Rights were added for skeptical Antifederalists.
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The Treaty of Greenville came following the Battle of Fallen Timbers. This was where General "Mad Anthony" Wayne anihilated many Indians in the Ohio area. The Indians then conceeded many parts of present day of modern Ohio.
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When John Adams was president, he tried to establish good relations with France. To do this, he sent an envoy to meet with Tallyrand. However,three go-betweens reffered to XY and Z demanded $250,000 for the privilege of merely talking with Talleyrand. This initiated some disputes with France.
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The Federalists, when they were in power, wanted to make sure they could keep their power. In order to do this, they put a series of laws know as the Alien and Sedition Acts. these acts increased the natralization time to 14 years, deported anyone who seemed to be a threat, and limited speech against the government.
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Jefferson feared that if the Federalists managed to suppress free speech they would wipe out other constitutional guarantees. To combat this, he established the Kentucky Resolution in secrecy, as his partner, James Madison did. In these resolutions, Madison and Jefferson both emphasized the compact theory,
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At this convention, France agreed to nullify the Franco-American Alliance. France also agreed to pay the damage claims of American shippers.
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In the Elcetion of 1800, Jefferson was able to defeat Adams easily. However, he had a little more trouble beating his own running mate. With this being the first time running mates were used, confusion set in and they ended up geting the same number of votes. The debate went to the House of Representativesand they decided for Jefferson becasue Burr was known to be radical.
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The Judiciary Act of 1801 was when Adams agreed to create new fedral court positions before the then of his term. These judges became known as Midnight Judges.
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Thomas Jefferson agree to buy the Louisana and all French territory east of it from France for $15 million dollars which amounts to about 3 cents an acre. This orginally upset Jeffesron because he wanted to spend 10 million of Lousiana and the land east of it.
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This case was the consequence of the Judiciary Act of 1801. William Marbury was one of the newly appointed judges and James Madison refused to give him his commissions. As a result, the matter went to court, where Federalist John Marshall was the judge. He ruled that he didnt have the authority to tell the president what to do, so Judicial Review was born. This is where the constitutionality of laws are reviewed.
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The expedition of Lewis and Clark began in St. Louis. Lewis and Clark began to chart and record the territory of the Louisiana Territory. They also recieved help from Sacagawea. Byt the time they returned, the had books upon books of information about the new territory.
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Vic President Aaron Burr was tried for treason after plotting to have New England seceed from the Union and planning to from his own country in the West to go against the US. However, he is aquited becasue he never really commited treason, but he only planned it.
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The Embargo Act forbade trade with all other nations. The main point of this was to try and maintain neutrality, however, it only hurt us because we lost our main source or revenue.
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James Madison was able to easily defeat Charles Pinkney in the ecletion of 1808. This was becaue the Federalist Party was in shambles and was not organized.
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The Non-Intercourse Act was an act that lifted the Embatgo Act off of all countries. This excluded France and Britain in order to stop their fighting. Although this hurt our renvenue from trade, it did help us establish a stable infrustucture on which we could be self sufficient.
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With the ability to no freeze and go through mountains, trains beegan to "pickup steam" in the early 1800s. By 1815, the first first chartered railroad was established in Hoboken, New Jersey.
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During the War of 1812, a group of people from many states met in Hartford Connecticut in order to complie a list of grievances and to seek redress for their wrongs. THese grievances seemed petty when presented because the War was already over.
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Most people didn’t like black people, therefore early abolitionists supported shipping them back to Africa. White people wer not oppsed to this, so they began to ship blacks back to Africa.
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Fixed the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory along the 49th parallel with Britain.
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With revolutions occuring in Chile, Venezuela, and Argentina, Spain decided to take troops out of Florida. Andrew Jackson saw this as an opportunity, so he went into Florida saying that the hostile Seminole Indians and fugitive slaves were using Florida as a refuge. After demanding huge concessions, the US got Florida, but up Texas.
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Thomas Jefferson established the University of Virginia upon the clause that it was to be supporrted by the public to have a national character and stature. The main purpose of the university was to emphasize modern languages and science to the public.
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Before becoming a state, Missouri had to jump through a few hoops. States argued over the admittance of a new slave state. To solve this, the admitted Maine as a free stae too and said that anything noth of 36 Degrees, 30 minutes would be a free state and anything south would be a slave state.
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After the American Colonization Society began, 15,000 freed blacks were transported to Africa. They then started their own country of Liberia because they were "liberated." The capital of this new land was Monrovia.
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In order to proctect the best interests of the US, Monroe incorporated a stern warning to the European powers. The warning was that Old World countries could keep what they had in the New World, but could have no more, and if they tried to get more, force would be taken against them.
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Concepts of the Erie Canal began in 1808 and after construction it was finished in 1825. The canal linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. When completed, the canal stretched 363 miles.
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After a tie in the election, it came down to the House of Representatives to decide who became President. The options were Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams. As speaker of the house, Henry Clay chose Adams because he despised Jackson. After electing Adams, Adams made Clay the Secretary of State.
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During a time when the idea of utopian society emerged, people tried to experiment and creat the perfect society. One of the first was the town of New Harmony. The town was very succesful, but it attracted criminals, radical, and people who didn't like to work.
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Back in the 1800's, people thought that drinking was a serious problem and thought alcohol should have been banned. Instead of prohibition, others thought maderation, or temperance, would be a way to solve the problem. As a result, people got together and formed the American Temperance Society and tried to promote temperance through pamphlets, lectures, and pictures.
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In order for Westward expansion, the US needed to get the Indians out of the territory they occupied. To get rid of them, the US forced them West on the path that came to be known as the Trail of Tears. They were left in the area we know today as Oklahoma.
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In order to mow acres of land efficiently, a new invention needed to be created. This job fell to Cyrus McCormick, who made the Mechanical Reaper. This machince cut down work time because this horse drawn invention did the work of 5 men.
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Nat Turner, a black preacher who wanted his freedom. He was tired of waiting so he took action into his own hands. He led a rebellion that killed 60 Virginian women and children. Following this, Turner and 15 others were hung.
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After the Tariff of Abominations, people were outraged because they thought it favored the North. Then in 1832, another tariff was passed, and it was a bit better, but still widely criticized. Following this, Henry Clay proposed the compromise bill that would gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of 8 years to get them to acceptable levels.
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While at the Alamo mission, Santa Anna trapped 200 Texans. After 13 days of constant siege, he wiped them out. These fighter did not die in wain brcause when future battles occures, the battle cry was "Remember the Alamo."
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In the 1830's, anti-slavery petitions poured into Congress. Congress didnt want to deal with these issues, so southerners in the House passed a resolution where all slavery debates would be tabled without debate.
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Soils in the early stages or America was extremely thick.In order to be able to plant crops, the land had to be plowed, but old plows were heavy and broke easily. It wasn't until John Deere created the steel plow that broke the soil that farming on new land became easier. The machine was pulled by horses rather than oxen.
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Mexico conceded the area of Texas to the US and yielded the area extending westward to Oregon.
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In 1848, gold was discovered in California. In order to make a profit, many people migrated to California to make a profit. Only a select few ended up finding gold.
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This book was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852. Her intent was to awaken the North on the injustices of slavery
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James Gadsden was appointed minister to Mexico by Secretary of War Jefferson Davis. He purchased an area between Mexico and California for 10 million dollars.
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This new act repealed the Fugitive slave law and the Missouri Compromise. However, it upset both they North and South for different reasons.
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Dred Scott was a slave who was forced to work on free teritory. He tried to sue, but the court ruled that he wasnt a citizen so he couldn't sue, he was the property of his owner, and the Missouri Comprmise was unconstitutional.
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John Brown had the idea of abolition in the south. To do this he planned on gathering slaves to start an uprising and tear throught the south. The slaves didnt respond, and Brown was captured and executed at Harper's Ferry.
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After the election of 1860, some states found it necessary to secced. The first among these states was South Carolina.
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This was the site of the first shots of the Civil War.
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General McClellan led troops against a small confederate force and lost. This victory for the south gave them a false sense of confidence.
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McClellan planned to attack the Confederate capital of Richmand. He failed and was temporarily removed from command.
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Lee led a force against General Pope. Pope was crushed at this battle.
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The Emancipation Procalmation was put into effect after Antietam. It declared slaves free in those Confederate States still in rebellion. The border States weren’t affected.
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In this battle, Lee divided his force and sent Stonewall Jackson to attack the Union flank. The Union wasbeaten, but the Confederates lost Stonwall Jackson from mistaken friendly fire.
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This was the first battle wher the Confederates fought on Northern turf. After 3 days, the Union proved to be victorious. After this, the South was on the defensive.
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The south controlled the Missippi River. Once the stronghold of Vicksburg fell the day after Gettysburg, the north now had control of trade in that area.
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After Grant was put in charge of the army, Sherman stepped up and took controll of his troops. He led them to Georgia and burned everything in his path.
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Following the Civil War, the 13 Amendment was ratified. It stated that slavery was forbiden in the US.
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This was where Robert E. Lee and Ulyses S. Grant met. Lee officially surrendered the Civil War at this location. following this, Recondtruction began.
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Lincoln had just won the Civil War and was on top of the world. He went for a performance at Forc Theater. While watching the show, John Wilkes Booth snuck into the theater and shot Lincoln. He died the next day.
