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Birth
Harrisburg Hospital -
Stages of Cognitive Development- Sensorimotor
According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage occurs between the ages of 0 and 2. In this stage, the infant explores the world through direct sensory and motor contact. Object permanence and separation anxiety develop during this stage. -
Psychosexual Development- Oral Stage
According to Sigmund Freud, the oral stage occurs during the first 18 months of life. Infant's pleasure seeking is focused on the mouth, which is why infants often put things in their mouth if they are not supposed to. -
Moral Development- Obedience and Punishment
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, moral development begins at birth and continues through death. During the first stage, infant's avoid punishment by obeying. An infant in this stage will often think, "if I steal, mommy will get mad at me. The obedience and punishment stage occurs between birth and 18 months. -
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Infancy
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Loss of Grasping Reflex
The grasping reflex begings to disappear at about three months. When a babies palms are touched the baby tightly grasps the object touching their palms. An infant can grasp a finger so tightly that that will be lifted into the air. -
Fading of Rooting Reflex
The rooting reflex begins to fade at about four months. When the infants cheek is brushed, the baby turns their head, opens their mouth, and begins sucking. -
The Visual Cliff and Depth Perception
Infants display the ability to perceive three dimensional spaces. Infants' heart rates increased as they approach a perceived drop off. Older infants (6 months) recognize the percieved depth change. -
Psychosocial Development-Stage 1
According to Erik Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial development occurs between the ages of 6 months and 12 months. During this stage, the concepts of trust versus mistrust are explored. "Is my world predictable and supportive?" is a common question of this stage. -
Cognitive Development- Object Permanence
An infant develops object permanence between the ages of 8 and 12 months. In this stage, a child realizes that people and objects are independent of their actions. Things continue to exist even though they cannot be seen or touched. This development can lead to separation anxiety. -
Disappearance of Moro Reflex
An infant lying on its back when startled by a loud noise out of sight or about their head will show a complex response. The arms will spread out at right angles and grasp upwards, and the legs will spread outwards. This disappears at about age one. -
The Development of Language (1 year)
Babbling begins and increases. By the year's end, infants master sounds of their own language and they can usually say their first word. In this stage of language development common 'words' are "baba" or "mama" -
Psychosocial Development-Stage 2
According to Erikson, the second stage of psychosocial development occurs between the ages of 1 and 3. During this stage the child questions autonomy versus shame and doubt. A common question of this time would be, "Can I do things for myself or must I rely on others?" -
Psychosexual Development- Anal Stage
According to Freud, the anal stage of psychosexual development occurs between the ages of one and a half and three years old. During this stage, infant's seek pleasure centered around functions of elimination. -
Moral Development- Instrumental Relativists
According to Kohlberg, the second stage of moral development, intsrumental Reslativists,, occurs between the ages of 18 months and 5 years. During this time, a child interprets the golden rule. They are still egocentric and evalutate thier actions in terms of consquences. -
Disappearance of Babinski Reflex
If someone ran a pen up the bottom of your foot, you would curl your toes. Babies do not respond the same as adults to this stimulus. Infants flare their toes and press their feet against the stimulus. This reflex disappears by age two. -
The Development of Language (2 years)
The infant will progress to saying dozens of words. They begin to speak in paired words, and to ask questions. They will often use nouns with a negative word such as "no ball". -
Stages of Cognitive Development- Preoperational
According to Piaget, the preoperational stage occurs between the ages of 2 and 6. The child uses symbols (words and images) to represent objects, but does not reason logically. The child also has the ability to pretend. During this stage, they are egocentric. -
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Childhood
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The Development of Language (3 Years)
The child acquires more grammatical knowledge. They can say appropriate sentences, use simple declaratives, and produce negative sentences. The average vocabulary is about 400 words at this point in time. -
Psychosocial Development-Stage 3
According to Erikson the third stage of psychosocial development occurs between the ages of 3 and 6. During this stage the question of "am I good or bad?" is addressed. Initiative versus guilt is common in this stage of development. -
Psychosexual Development- Phallic Stage
According to Freud, the phallic stage of psychosexual development occurs between the ages of 3 and 6. During this time, infant's seek pleasure focusing on the genitals. Also during this time, boys want to win their mother for themselves and vice versa. -
Cognitive Devlopment- Animism
During the second half of the preoperational stage, children develop animism. They believe that inanimate objects are alive and have feelings, intentions, and consciousness. This -
Cognitive Development- Conservation
Most children begin to understand the concept of conservation between the ages of 5 and 7. Conservation is the principle that a given quantity does not change when its appearance is changed. -
Moral Development- Good Boy/Nice Girl
According to Kohlberg, the 3rd stage of moral development ocurs between the ages of 5 and 11 years old. During this stage, children are acutely sensitive tto what others want and think. A child in this stage wants social approval from the people around them. -
Psychosocial Development-Stage 4
According to Erikson, the fourth stage of psychosocial development occurs between the ages of 6 and 12. During this stage the child explores industry versus inferiority. The question, "am I successful or worthless?" is addressed in this stage of development. -
Psychosexual Development- Latency Stage
According to Freud, the latency stage of psychosexual development occurs between the time of age 6 and puberty. During this time, sexual thoughts are repressed. Children focus on developing social and intellectual skills. -
Stages of Cognitive Development- Concrete Operational
According to Piaget, a child is in the concrete operational stage from the ages of 7 to 12 years old. The child can think logically about concrete objects and can add and subtract. The child also understands conservation. -
Moral Development- Law and Order
According to Kohlberg, the fourth stage of moral development occurs during early adolescence and adolescence. During this time, children are less concerned with the approval of others. Moral thinking is quite rigid during this stage. -
Stages of Cognitive Development- Formal Operational
According to Piaget, a person is in the formal operational stage from age 12 to adulthood. In this stage, the adolescent can reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms. -
Psychosocial Development-Stage 5
According to Erikson, the fifth stage of psychosocial development occurs during the early teens. During this stage, you question identity versus role confusion. A teen in this stage would often question, "who am I?" -
Onset of Puberty
The onset of puberty happens at its earliest at age 8 or 9 for girls, and occurs on average at age 13. During this time adolescents experience rapid growth and they gain fat tissue right before puberty. -
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Adolescence
Adolescence is a transition between childhood and adulthood. This time includes complex physical and emotional changes that are hightly individualized and varied. -
Psychosexual Development- Genital Stage
According to Freud, the genital stage of psychosexual development occurs between the time of puberty and adulthood. During this time, sexual desires are renewed, and an individual seeks relationships with others. -
Important Milestones- Graduation
Graduation is an important milestone in one's life because it marks their movement into adulthood. Some people will move directly into the working force after graduation, while others will choose to continue their education. -
Psychosocial Development-Stage 6
According to Erikson, the sixth stage of psychosocial development occurs as a young adult. You question intimacy versus isolation during this stage. A common question would be, "Shall I share my life with someon or live alone?" -
Moral Development- Social Contract
According to Kohlberg, the fifth stage of moral development occurs during young adulthood and adulthood. During this stage, you question if the law is fair and just. Someone in this stage often believes that the law must change with the world. -
Important Milestones- Moving Out
Moving out of your parents house is typically a major milestone in independence. A young adult moves out of their parents house after college and will start to 'fend for themselves' in the real world. -
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Early Adulthood
During early adulthood, you are not fully developed mentally, physcially, and socially. This is a transitional time in life for many people. -
Important Milestones- First Real Job
Another important milestone in a young adult's life is having their first real job. This is important because it allows for the person to support themselve financially for the first time. This also leads as a stepping stone to building a financial security net for later on in life. -
Important Milestones- Buying a House
Buying house is important for a young person, because it shows that they can be responsible with their money and that they are maturing into adults. -
Important Milestones- Marriage
Marriage is an important milestone in a young adult's life. This time shows a development into intimacy and responsibility. Marriage is important because it marks a passage into builidng a family and complete responsibility for your own actions. -
Psychosocial Development-Stage 7
According to Erikson, the seventh stage of psychosocial development occurs during middle adulthood. During this stage an adult questions generativity versus stagnation. They also question if they will succeed in life. -
Age 30 Crisis
According to Levinson, the time frame between the ages of 28 and 30 is a major transitional period. The 30th birthday is a turning point of the age 30 crisis. During this time, many questions about life choices, career, marriage, and life goals are reopened. Someone in this stage may feel unsatisfied with their life. -
Important Milestone-Having Children
Having a child marks adulthood, because it is the first time that you must take on the responsibility of taking care of another human being. During this time, you must be responsible, mature, and compassionate. -
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Middle Adulthood
Middle adulthood is a time for settling down and transitions. Many people transition into marriage, careers, and starting a family during this timespan. -
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Late Adulthood
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Midlife Crisis
This stage typically occurs around the age of 30 for men. True adulthood is achieved here and men find satisfactory solutions to their problems. Although this time can be a period of extreme frustration and unhappiness, stagnation versus generativity is addressed. -
Empty Nest Syndrome
A significant event in a womans life. This is when their children leave home and begin thier own lives. During this time, woman often find themselves to be happier than ever and they focus on their activities and interests. -
Menopause
The stage of menopause for women occurs between the ages of 45 and 50. A woman's production of sex hormones drops sharply during this time. Woman stop ovulating and menstruating and therefore cannot concieve children. -
Psychosocial Development-Stage 8
According to Erikson, the eighth and final stage of psychosocial development occurs as an older adult. During this stage you question ego integrity verus despair. A common question would be, "Have I lived a full life?" -
Moral Development- Universal Ethics
According to Kohlberg, the last stage of moral development occurs when you are mature. During this time, youf accept the eithical principles that apply to everyone. Morals become more important than laws. -
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Old Age
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Late Adulthood
Many adults have several social changes around the time of retirement. They must question their identity and find new ways to have a social network since they are no longer defined by their career and work friends. Most people will question, "What is the purpose of waking up in the morning?" -
Late Adulthood- Cognitive Changes
During late adulthood, people continue to "exercise" their mental abilities. By the age of 80, most people have about 5% loss in brain mass. Alzheimer's occurs during this stage as one struggles to remember or create memories. -
Stages of Adulthood- Late Adulthood
In late adulthood many changes occur physically, socially, and cognitively. Physically, your body starts to deteriorate and become weaker. You will not be able to do the things you did before. Woman typically shrink 2 to 4 inches, while men shrink about 1 inch. A person's response to these changes is important. -
Old Age
Old Age is characterized as a time of loss. During this stage, indepenence decreases. When someone enters old age, they commonly begin to lose family, friends, and their home. Old age is also marked by a gradual loss of control to illness, disability, and finances. This time period often occurs between the ages of 65 and 90. -
Stages of Death- Denial
During this stage of death, you usually question the accuracy of the news. You typically say, "this can't be happening to me" or "The doctors must be wrong". This is usually a shorter stage of death. -
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Death/ Dying
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Stages of Death- Anger
During this stage of death, you become angry towards fate, doctors, family members, and higher powers. Someone in this stage of dying is typically selfish. -
Stages of Death- Bargaining
During this stage of death, you often attempt to bargain for more time. You attempt to strike a deal with a higher power for time in exchange for good behavior. -
Stages of Death- Depression
During this stage of death, one focuses on the losses being incurred. These losses include their job, strength, and fanancial losses. This is typically a longer period of death. -
Stages of Death- Acceptance
During this stage of death, one begins to accept their fate. This is a shorter stage which is followed by death. A sense of calm and peace towards the proces is found here. -
Stages of Death- Death
