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Marking the start of colonization and, thus, globalization.
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Creating more linkages between parts of the world, formed the base of many power relations and started the globalization (by sharing cultural practices and economic/political structures).
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In which period trading activities between Portugal and the Spanish took place
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Influencing the country's religion, language and other cultural practices.
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Trading for cotton, spices and tobacco, starting the slavery practices.
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Since they became the source of raw materials and markets, having huge importance for the industrial revolution
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Due to trade being the major force for economic growth, national governments needed protection. Opposed by Adam Smith, who pleaded for divisions of labour.
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Britians and Dutchmen annexing the Cape and other Northern African countries
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Before: Resources were seen as inputs to a human-devised system.
During: The impacts of over-crowding, poverty and health consequences became clear. -
And environmental determinism thinking. This was criticized late 20th century since the ideas were used to justify racial domination and dit not consider individuals.
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Leading to some protection for indigenous peoples.
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Due to logging companies exporting to Mexico.
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Challenging the classical economists and rising the popularity of Keynesianism.
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Leading to migration, exploitation of natural resources and exponential growth due to commercial colonialism.
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Exploiting of land and labour
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Introduced in the Marshall plan and the speech of Harry Truman
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The setup of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), The World Bank and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
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Due to the economic problems of Western Europe, the plea of the USA and Soviet-Union for the opportunity to spread their influences and the rise of multinational corporations.
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In which the Philippines were freed by the Americans.
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Partly due to the facilitation of transport and communication technology.
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In which the countries that weren't involved, were called Third World Countries because they preferred a third way.
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& becoming a democracy
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Communist regime of Mao Tse-Tung. This attempt at rapid economic growth led to a big famine in '61, after which the economy was re-opened to foreign investment.
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In Latin-America & Africa
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Was a key development strategy in centrally-planned economies.
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In order to improve agricultural yields. This was done by making breeding and farming separate activities. Also, seed regulations were set up.
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State-led planning and economy, controlled trade and investment and ownership of industries. Was increasingly mixed with capitalism.
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Significantly improving yields in lower-income countries, despite the negative effects on nature social structures.
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As part of the modernization theory
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In Latin-America & Africa, which experienced remaining power relations after decolonization
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Since top-down approaches in reducing poverty did not seem to be effective.
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To eradicate obstacles
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& other income-generating opportunities
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The colonial city, the dual city and the divided city were all terms that needed to be changed.
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Proposed by Ronald Reagan & Margaret Thatcher. Arose due to the inefficiency of state-involvement and growth rates which seemed to be slowing down.
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Indonesia became more and more urbanized. However, most jobs remained in Jakarta, leading to huge traffic congestions and the construction of superblocks and the increase in slums.
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Which was aimed at considering possible solutions in environmental issues.
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Resulted from the debt crisis in the 80s, leading to protectionist measures again.
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Part of the neoliberal agenda. Supposedly efficient for economic, as well as political reasons. Proved to be leading to regional inequalities.
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Grew rapid in the last decennia, due to the availability of funding, but also the lack of alternative support mechanisms.
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Since the most rapid growth-rates were found in the outward-oriented countries
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Leaving African socialist countries unable to increase productivity.
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& including men in gender and development projects
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Leading to the recovery of important landscapes and the setup of grassroots initiatives.
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& protection of Sierra Madre mountain range
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Such as GDI and GEM
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Devaluation of the Thai currency, proving the Asian miracle wrong (= the conception that neoliberalizing a country would lead to economic and social welfare.
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Were widely accepted, but did not mention the means to achieve the goals.
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As a response to existing neoliberalist theories
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Introduced by Xi Jinping as a way for China to stay in contact with European trade and is meant to accelerate economic integration of countries along the road.
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Many goals have a timespan of 5-15 years