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Scientific Management
-Functional
-Developed by Frederick Taylor
-Careful selection of workers
-Training workers via scientific method
-Work divided equally between workers and managers
-Using scientifc method for job related tasks -
Principles of Management
-Functional
-Developed by Henri Fayol
-Job authority vs. personal authority
-Credibility is important in leadership
-Unity of command: orders should only come from one superior
-Messages should follow a formal pattern from supervisor to subordinate
-Fayol's bridge: horizontal peer to peer communication -
Principles of Coordination
-Meaning Centered
-Developed by Mary Parker Follett
-Organizations need to care about individuals and groups motivations and desires
-Viewed conflict as consturctive
-Believed in collective responsibliity
-Organizational life is better understood through psychological and motivational processes -
Critical Theory
-Emerging Perspective
-Developed by multiple people, most famous is Karl Marx
-Involves the criticism of organizations, society, and social constructions
-Study organizational life through examination of power and political relationships
-Role of critical theory is to expose abuses of domination and power in the workplace -
Hawthorne Effect
-Meaning Centered
-Developed by Elton Mayo
-Group norms that influence productivity apart from the physical production environment
-Very important theory in Industrial and Organizational Psychology
-Production was no longer viewed as dependent on job and organization design
-Emphasis was placed on the importance of human interaction in the workplace -
Bureaucracy
-Functional
-Developed by Max Weber
-Inspired by socialist philosophies
-Believed in three types of authority: charismatic, traditional, and bureacratic
-Bureaucratic authority was ideal for organizations: had formalized rules and processes
-Believed in a formal chain of command that recognized organizational structure -
Theory X and Y
-Meaning Centered
-Developed by Douglas McGregor
-Each theory contained assumptions of human nature regarding the workplace
-Theory X: negative attitudes toward work
-Theory Y: postive attitudes toward work
-Helps understand human behavior in the work environment
-Helps understand work motivation for employees -
Participative Management
-Meaning centered
-Developed by Rensis Likert
-Looked at differences in managements between successful and unsuccessful organizations
-Rejected many assumptions from scientific management
-Understanding of human performance differences helped producitvity
-Participation by all levels of organization members must be increased -Supportive work environments motivated workers and created more productive and creative atmosphere -
Systems Approach
-Meaning Centered
-Developed by Daniel Katz and Robert Kahn
-Organizations are made of subsystems that are inputs, throughputs, and outputs
-Take in materials and human resources and yields a finished product
-Relationships continually shift and change moment by moment
-We don't create reality, we interact with the already present reality -
Cultural Approaches
-Emerging Perspective
-Describe how members of an organization interpret the surrounding environment
-Culture affects organizations both internally and externally
-Studies on how culture affects the behavior of the individual and an organization's effectiveness -
Learning Organizations
-Meaning centered
- Developed by Chris Argyris and Donald Schon
-Characterized by Senge's Five Disciplines: system thinking, personal mastery, building a shared vision, mental models, and team learning
-Everyone needs to be on the same page when working towards a common goal
-Need to have general knowledge and understanding of culture, human behavior, and organization -
Feminist Perspectives
-Emerging perspective
-Developed by Marta Calas and Linda Smircich
-Organizational assumptions of gender are important variables to effectiveness
-Often a male dominated perspective in organizations
-Workers have multiple voices and different perspectives
-Everyone deserves equal recognition
