Culture and currents of thoughts

First occupants: Forms of expression or cultural manifestations

Oct 28, 1500

Spirituality: Shamanism - Priest/medicine man, Myths and legends and Dreamcatchers
Social relationships: Respect for elders, Traditions, Freedom of actions – no written laws, no private property
Nature: Animism – respects nature…all living things have souls and Circle of life
Communication and exchange: Oral traditions, Song and dance and Ceremonies

French regime: the divine right of kings

Oct 28, 1663

Absolute power of the king.
King Louis 14th was gaining control in Europe, but his colony of New France wasn’t developing its economy or population, and it was dealing with constant Iroquois attacks. Louis had to act:
A well trained regiment of soldiers were dispatched.
Under the old system the companies who held a monopoly were destroying New France.
The king ended the monopoly and placed New France under Jean-Baptiste Colbert. He and Louis decided to implement Royal Government in 1663.

French regime: catholism

Oct 28, 1663

The influence of Catholicism on culture. Very Powerful – Did what the church wanted or you were excommunicated.
Excommunicated means you were kicked out of the church's community and no one would speak to you nor acknowledge your existence.

French regime: Religion in New France

Oct 31, 1664

Priests working as missionaries
Nuns working in schools
Potential priests were trained in a seminary. Only the brightest of boys were sent there.
Money to make all this happen came from the church tax called the tithe.
Church plays a key role in defining morally acceptable behaviour.
The Church spreads its ideas by controling education in the colony. They were the teachers and controled the content.
Artistic productions tends to be impressions of religion.

French regime: Life in New France

Oct 31, 1760

There was work to be done everyday; Caring for crops, making clothes, fixing tools, preparing for winter.
New France was not really developing settlers became self-dependent.
Life differed from France, where you had the very rich and the very poor people.
New France the people were very autonomous and by 1760 grew to become a distinct set of people called Canadien,13 colonies are becoming Americans.
Distance from France the king exercised less control.
No police often did what they wanted.

Liberalism

Oct 31, 1761

Political or social philosophy advocating pushing the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.
Diffusion of liberal ideas by means of newspapers.
Development of parliamentarism (the system of parliamentary government)
Reflection of liberal ideas in architecture.

Ultramontanism

Oct 31, 1761

Ultramontanism: the policy of the party in the Roman Catholic Church that favors increasing and enhancing the power and authority of the pope.
Advocating of absolute obedience to the Catholic religion.
Church seeks to increase and extend its influence in all spheres of life. Social, political, cultural, etc

Anticlericalism

Oct 31, 1761

Anticlericalism:opposed to the influence and activities of the clergy or the church in secular or public affairs.
In opposition to ultramontanism.
Advocating of the separation of church and state. (What we have today)
Promotion of a more democratic regime.

Imperialism

Oct 31, 1761

Imperialism:the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring  and  holding  colonies.
example: the loyalists
Architectural influence.
Parliamentary political organisation.

British regime: how the gov. functions

Nov 1, 1800

Constitutional Monarchy (Queen & Governor General have only symbolic power)
Parliamentary Democracy (Laws must be passed through the parliament, whose members are elected)
3 levels of Government: Federal, Provincial, Municipal:
Executive: Makes decisions about administration, power held by cabinet.
Legislative: Makes or amends laws, and imposes taxes. Power held by the House of Commons
Judicial: Ensures laws are applied, Judges are appointed by the cabinet for life.

British regime: how the gov. functions pt.2

Nov 1, 1800

Federal System: Positions:
Head of State (Queen)
Governor General
Parliament-Senate (Upper House)
House of Commons (Lower House)
Ministers
Government
Prime Minister
Cabinet
Opposition
Minority Government
Speaker
Courts

Imperialism: contemporary period

Nov 22, 1867

the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies. Spread of the British ideas (imperialists) in newspapers and stories. Founding of the newspaper Le Devoir to protest against imperialism.

capitalism

Nov 22, 1868

investment in and ownership of the means of production,  distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained by private individuals or corporations.
Construction of buildings (homes, corporate head offices) by capitalists who form part of our architectural heritage.
Diffusion of capitalist ideas (principles of private property) through the mainstream press owned by businessmen.
Appearance of literary works that depict economic disparities.

Socialsm

Nov 22, 1869

organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. Questioning the spread of capitalism through labour movements, student movements and in independent magazines.

Agriculturism

Nov 24, 1869

Valorisation of rural, community et parish life in novels (Un homme et son péché, Maria Chapdeleine, Le Survenant, Menaud, Maître Draveur, etc.)
Creation of community groups such as Le Cercle des fermières and spread of their ideas in a magazine.

Nationalismes

Nov 24, 1870

Fre.Cdn. Nationalism: Did not want to support Britian, wanted to protect French interests (language, education, rights) views spread via newspapers (Le Devoir, Henri Bourassa Eng.Cdn. Nationalism: Liked the English way, (language, politics) wanted to support Britain but wanted Canada to operate independently. Neo-nationalism (new wave of nationalism) starting in the 1960s and spread by the artists (Gilles Vigneault, Félix Leclerc, Paul Piché, Les Séguins, Harmonium, Beau Dommage, etc.).

Laicism

Nov 24, 1871

the nonclerical, or secular, control of political and social institutions ina society
Influence of Church (R.C. in Qc.)
After 1837 the bishops became more powerful, the cures became the most important person in the parish.
Church was still in charge of registering births, marriages, deaths.
Controlling education
Orphanages, Shelters, Charities, Religious festivals
Protestants were divided (Anglicans, Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists etc) Ministers still influential but not as powerful as R.C.

Cooperatism

Nov 24, 1872

Birth of different groups who favoured equality and collaboration (American Unions like the Knights of Labor, the Caisses populaires, Catholic Union of Cultivators).

Fascism

Nov 24, 1873

The idea that a dictator (single person) should control the entire country. They normally rule threw the use of propaganda/force. This was adopted in Spain and Italy, but brought to an extreme in Germany by the Nazi’s lead by Adolf Hitler.
Small-scale dissemination of fascist ideas from Europe (Adrien Arcand, journalist and head of the Parti National social chrétien [Christian National Socialist Party] spreads his ideas in newspapers).

Feminism

Nov 24, 1874

Women had a hard life, married young, produced many children over 10.
Women forced to do as their husbands commanded
Long days of work, both at home and some in factories
They had few rights can't vote, no education.
WWI open things up for women. All the men were at war…women started working in factories and saw services as nurses.
Results:women obtain the right to vote in Federal election
Denonciation of the role of the Church in the oppression of women and of inequality with men.

Americanism

Nov 24, 1875

Emergence of American cultural trends: dance (charleston), music (jazz) and spread of American culture through films, radio and télévision.
To counter American influences, the church spreads ideas of traditional Catholic culture through music (la bonne chanson), media and education.
Influence of American culture through the media.

Neoliberalism

Nov 25, 1876

Advocating the removal of the state in various spheres of society.
Active opposition to socialist groups wanting to maintain intervention of the state.

Aboriginalism

Nov 25, 1880

Claims for ancestral rights and recognition of aboriginal identity through tradition culture (writings, language, music, éducation, etc).