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Oct 28, 1500
First Occupants' Forms of Expression or Cultural Manifestations
Spirituality:
- Shamanism
- Priest/medicine man
- Myths and legends
- Dream catchers
Social relationships:
- Respect for elders
- Traditions
- Freedom of actions
- No written laws, no private property
Nature:
- Animalism
- Respects nature (all living things have souls)
- Circle of life
Communication and exchange:
- Oral traditions
- Song and dance
- Ceremonies -
Period: Oct 28, 1500 to
Culture
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Catholicism
Clergy consisted of- priests in charge of parishes or working as missionaries, nuns working in hospitals or working in schools and potential priests were trained in a seminary. Money came from tithe (church tax). People were super religious (central to their lives). Church defined morally acceptable behaviour and spread ideas (controlled content of education). Marguerite Bourgeoys established first school. Art had religious impressions. Do what the church wanted or you were excommunicated. -
The independent spirit and adaptability of the Canadiens
New France wasn't developing so settlers became self-dependent. Life differed from France, where you had the very rich and massive numbers of poor/starving people. Population became more independent because France was far so the king exercised less control, they had contact with the aboriginals (development of an independent spirit and a sense of freedom). No police, often did what they wanted. Many worked with or lived with natives (voyageurs and coureurs de bois choose their way of life). -
The Divine Right of Kings
Divine Right of Kings influenced ideas and culture under the French Regime. King had absolute total power. Economy & population wasn’t developing in N.F. and Iroquois constantly attacked. So, King Louis 14 dispatched a regiment of 1200 professional soldiers because you cannot impose a new system in a colony without protection. King ended the monopoly of companies and placed N.F. under the Minister of Marine (Jean-Baptiste Colbert). 1663, Louis and Colbert implemented Royal Government in N.F. -
British Rule: Liberalism
Political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties. Diffusion of liberal ideas by means of newspapers. Development of parliamentarism (the system of parliamentary government). Reflection of liberal ideas in architecture. -
British Rule: Ultramontanism
Policy of the party in the Roman Catholic Church that favors increasing and enhancing the power and authority of the pope
Advocating of absolute obedience to the Catholic religion. Church seeks to increase and extend its influence in all spheres of life: social, political, cultural, etc. -
British Rule: Anticlericalism
Opposed to the influence and activities of the clergy or the church in secular or public affairs. In opposition to ultramontanism (see previous slide). Advocating of the separation of church and state.
What we have today is a promotion of a more democratic regime. -
British Rule: Imperialism
Policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies. Architectural influence. Parliamentary political organization. Loyalists are an example of imperialists. -
How the Government Functions
Constitutional Monarchy (Queen & Governor General have only symbolic power). Parliamentary Democracy (Laws must be passed through the parliament, whose members are elected). Three levels of Government: Federal, Provincial, Municipal. Executive: Makes decisions about administration, power held by cabinet. Legislative: Makes or amends laws, and imposes taxes. Power held by the House of Commons. Judicial: Ensures laws are applied, Judges are appointed by the cabinet for life. -
Contemporary Period: Imperialism
Policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies. If you were an imperialist, you wanted the mother country britain to maintain control, rules and influences. Spread of the British ideas (imperialists) in newspapers and stories. The newspaper, "Le Devoir" protested against imperialism -
Cooperatives
Birth of different groups who favoured equality and collaboration (American Unions like the Knights of Labor, the Caisses populaires, Catholic Union of Cultivators). A farm, business, or other organization that is owned and run jointly by its members, who share the profits or benefits. -
Contemporary Period: Capitalism
Economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations. Construction of buildings by capitalists who form part of our architectural heritage. Diffusion of capitalist ideas (principles of private property) through the mainstream press owned by businessmen. There was an appearance of literary works that depict economic disparities. -
Contemporary Period: Socialism
Theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. Many people question the spread of capitalism through labour movements, student movements and in independent magazines -
Contemporary Period: Agriculturism
Pushing to support farmers/farming. Duplessis didn't want Quebec to change at all nor develop whatsoever. Valorisation of rural, community and parish life were published in novels (Un homme et son péché, Maria Chapdelaine, Le Survenant, Menaud, Maître Draveur, etc.). Creation of community groups such as Le Cercle des fermières spread their ideas in magazines. -
Contemporary Period: Nationalism
Devotion to one's own nation & its interests over those of all other nations. Britain expected its colonies to obey & follow it’s commands, this wasn’t always the case. In Canada some people followed Britain, some did not. French-Canadian Nationalists did not want to support Britain & wanted to protect French interests (language, education, rights). English-Canadian Nationalists liked the English way (language, politics) & wanted to support Britain but wanted Canada to operate independently. -
Contemporary Period: Laicism
Non clerical, or secular, control of political & social institutions in a society. After 1837, bishops became much more powerful. Church was still in charge of registering births, marriages, deaths & attendance was very high. Protestants were divided. Ministers were still influential but not as powerful as the Church. There was a development of a new style of artistic creation that more closely represented real life & that distanced itself from a more traditional style imposed by the Church. -
Contemporary Period: Fascism
The idea that a dictator (single person) should control the entire country. They normally rule through the use of propaganda/force. This was adopted in Spain and Italy, but brought to an extreme in Germany by the Nazis lead by Adolf Hitler. Small-scale dissemination of fascist ideas from Europe (Adrien Arcand, journalist and head of the Parti National social chrétien [Christian National Socialist Party] spreads his ideas in newspapers). -
Contemporary Period: Feminism
Women had a hard life: married young; produced many children; forced to do as their husbands commanded; long days of work, both at home and some in factories; often did the worst jobs; had few rights (no vote), little education; often became nuns to escape. WWI opened things up for women. All the men were at war so women started working in factories and nurses. Women obtained the right to vote in Federal election in 1918. Claim for the same rights as men through plays & in feminist magazines. -
Contemporary Period: Americanism
Emergence of American cultural trends: dance (charleston), music (jazz) and spread of American culture through films, radio and television. To counter American influences, the church spreads ideas of traditional Catholic culture through music (la bonne chanson), media and education. Influence of American culture through the media. -
Contemporary Period: Neoliberalism
Advocating the removal of the state in various spheres of society. Active opposition to socialist groups wanting to maintain intervention of the state. -
Contemporary Period: Aboriginalism
Claims for ancestral rights and recognition of aboriginal identity through tradition culture (writings, language, music, éducation, etc) -
Native Issues
In the summer of 1990, Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal, when a golf course wanted to expand its nine holes onto native land. The natives militarily organized themselves and the Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation. The Oka crisis lasted 78 days, when the stand-off finally came to an end with out armed conflict, however the issues still remained.
