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British officer known as Lawrence of Arabia in 1917, urged Arab princess to revolt against their Ottoman overlords.
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In 1918 Britsh forces from Egypt destroyed the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East. The Middle East wasn't largely affected by the conflict from the war. The Ottoman Empre created tension between local inhabitants and external power or interests.
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World War 1 ended in 1918 but the Violence in the Middle East still hasn't come to an end. Region has not been able to overcome the arbitrary borders drawn by self-interested imperial powers have left a legacy.
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Afghan King Emir Habibullah Khan was murdered in February near Jalalabad. His son Amanullah Khan then seized power and proclaimed Afganistain as a sovereign no independent nation.
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An agreement between Britian and France of how the former Ottoman Empire would be divided between them. After Wirld War 1 ended, and the fall of the Ottoman Empire, European states were left in control over former Ottoman territory in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine. The British had control over Iraq and Palestine while France controlled Syria and Lebanon.
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An agreement between Britain and France of how the former Ottoman Empire would be divided between them. After World War 1 ended, and the fall of the Ottoman Empire, European states were left in control over former Ottoman territory in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine. The British had control over Iraq and Palestine, while France controlled Syria and Lebanon.
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The first oil strike floods the countryside. There was 10 days worth of oil. The well produces 80,000 barrels of oil a day.
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Oil played an important role in the struggle after the war over the future of the Ottoman province of Mosul, where a large oil field was discovered in 1927 at Baba Gargur near Kirkuk in the new, British mandated Iraq.
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This was an agreement between American, British, and French oil companies concerning the oil resources within the territories that formerly was the Ottoman Empire within the middle east. This agreement was that each of the four nations received an equal amount (28.75%) of all the crude oil produced by TPC (Turkish Petroleum Company), which were allowed to operate anywhere in the Middle East between the Suez Canal and Iran, with the exception of Kuwait.
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beginning with Bahrain in 1931, there were many discoveries in Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Trucial States (Abu Dhabi and Dubai), and Oman.
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Lebanon gains its independence from France.
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World War ll led to the emergence of new independent states. Syria and Lebanon gained their independence towards the end of World War ll. Jordan has complete self-rule after the war. These new states were predominantly Muslim. After World War II, the United Nations gave land to the Jewish people so they could live together in peace. Israel includes holy places for the Jewish religion. It's surrounded by Muslim countries.
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Syria gains its independence from France.
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Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser took over the Egyptian government.
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Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser seized the Suez Canal, which was under the British and French administration, this started the attack on Egypt by the French and British. This attack was at a high international level and the British and French had to withdraw their forces when it became clear that America didn’t support wha was going on.
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In Egypt a new leader came and played an important role in Arab world. Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser took control of the Egyptian government. Nasser seized the Suez Canal Company which was under British and French administration. Great Britain and France decided to strike back.
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The British were angry with the actions of Nasser, seizing the Suez Canal, so they tried to gain support from France. The Israelis were also angry with his actions, they wanted an armed to retake the canal. This was why the Israelis struck first.Originally the three countries, Israel, Britain, and France, were going to attack together at once, but the British and French forces were delayed. This is what began the Suez Crisis.
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Egypt united with Syria in the United Arab Republic
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A number of Arab oil producing states formed the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to gain control over oil prices
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The smaller gulf states were producing about 15% of the worlds oil, with another 10 percent or so coming from Iraq and Iran, by 1970 this percentage had risen to 30%.
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1961 military leaders took over Syria and withdrew the country from its union with Egypt. Egypt. Nasser continued to work on behalf of Arab interests.
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Egyptians took the lead in forming the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to represent the interests of the Palestines. The plo said that believed that only Palestinian people had the right to create a state in palestine.
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After President Abd al-Salam Muhammad Arif of Iraq died he is succeeded by his older brother, Abd al-Rahman Arif.
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Israel launched air strikes against Egypt and several of its Arab neighbors. No Arab state made peace with Israel. In 1967 events conspired to bring war between Israel, Egypt, and Syria. June 5, 1967, The Israelis attacked Egypt first.
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After Egypts military defeat in the Six Day War Nasser resigns.
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Nasser made a blockade against Israelist shipping through the Gulf of Aqaba. He declared: “Now we are ready to confront Israel. We are ready to deal with the entire Palestine.”
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Nasser died at the age of 52 and was succeeded in office by Anwar el- Sadat.
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Arab forces led by Sadat launched a new attack against Israel.
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During the 1973 war some of OPEC nations announced large increases in the price of oil to foreign countries. The price climb coupled with cuts in oil production, which led to oil shortages and serious economic problems in the United States and Europe.
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U.S. president Jimmy Carter began to press for comprise peace between Arab and Israelis.
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Carter met with President Sadatof Egypt and the Israeli Prime Minister Menachem begin at camp David in the United States. The result was the Camp David Accords which was an agreement to sign an Israeli Egyptain peace treaty.
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The treaty signed by Sadat and begin in March 1979 ended the war between Egypt and Israel.
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Palestine Arabs were frustrated by their failor to self rule so they become more militant this led to the movement called the initfada among PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) supporters living in Israel.
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President Saddam Hussein launched an attack on Iran. Poison gas was used against civilians and children were used to clear minefields.
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In Egypt militant Muslims assassinated President Sadat.
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After 8 years of fighting that had taken many lives, a truce which was made by the United Nations was finally put into effect between Iran and Iraq.
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Iraqi troops moved across the border and occupied the small neighboring country of Kuwait. This invasion sparked an international outcry. The U.S. led an international force that freed Kuwait and destroyed a big part of Iraq’s armed forces, the allies hoped that an internal revolt would overthrow Hussein but he remained in power.
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In 1993 Israel and PLO reached an agreement calling for Palestinian automony in certain areas of Israel.
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In November 1995 Rabin's death ended momentum towards peace. The assassination opened fire as the peace rally broke up.
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The 19 months of deadlock begins when Israelis begin to go into the Palestinian part of Jerusalem. During these 19 months there were many killings and bombings by the Palestinians.
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US Secretary of State, Albright calls for an end to the Israelis trying to settle in occupied land. There was a meeting between Albright, Arafat, and Netanyahu in Paris to end the Middle East Deadlock.
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After 8 years of fighting that had taken many lives, a truce which was made by the United Nations was finally put into effect between Iran and Iraq.
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While the USS Cole was in port in Aden, Yemen for refueling it was bombed. The explosion ripped a hole in the middle of the ship, killing 17 U.S. sailors and injuring about 40 others. This attack was planned and carried out by al Qaeda.
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Video Link: http://abcnews.go.com/Archives/video/oct-12-2000-uss-cole-attacked-yemen-9061229 -
The prime minister of Israel, Ehud Barak, resigns. The next election was scheduled to take place within 60 days.
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The Road Map Hopes was a peace treaty between the Israelis and the Palestinians, presented to the in January 2003 by President Bush. The plan was that both sides are required to end violence and to have long lasting peace.
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Video Link: http://www.c-span.org/video/?c1964053/clip-middle-east-peace-plan
