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2500 BCE
Mesopotamia (Irak)
Plimpton 322 is a clay tablet from Babylon, which stands out for containing an example of Babylonian mathematics. It has number 322 in the GA Plimpton collection at Columbia University. Has a table of four columns and 15 rows of numbers in cuneiform writing of the time. This table shows what are now called Pythagorean terns, that is, integers a, b, c that satisfy 2 + b 2 = c 2 {\ displaystyle \ scriptstyle a ^ {2} + b ^ {2} = c ^ { 2}} {\ displaystyle \ scriptstyle a ^ {2} + b ^ {2} = c2 {}}. -
2000 BCE
Mesopotamia (abaco)
The abacus is an instrument that serves to perform simple arithmetic operations1 (addition, subtraction, division and multiplication and other more complex ones, such as calculating roots). It consists of a wooden box with parallel bars that run movable balls, useful also to teach these simple calculations. -
500 BCE
Precolombia (Calendario mesoamericano)
The Mesoamerican calendars are the calendars devised and used by the pre-Columbian cultures of Mesoamerica. In addition to the control of the passage of time, Mesoamerican calendars were also used in religious ceremonies, in social rituals and in divination.
The existence of these Mesoamerican calendars dates back to approximately 500 B.C., with the essentials of it fully defined and functional. These calendars are still used today in the Guatemalan highlands, Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas. -
John Napier (Huesos de Napier)
the abacus consists of a flanged board on which the neperian rods will be placed to perform multiplication or division operations. The board has its left flange divided into 9 boxes in which the numbers 1 to 9 are written.Neperian rods are strips of wood, metal or thick cardboard. The front face is divided into 9 squares, except the upper one, divided into two halves by a diagonal stroke. -
Wilhem Schickard (Reloj calculador)
It was the first in history to be built (Leonardo da Vinci had already designed an adding machine, but it had never been built due to the advancement of technology at that time). The calculator clock could perform, through fully mechanical methods, the four elementary arithmetic operations: add, subtract, multiply and divide.The machine incorporated the principle of strips of John Napier.The calculator clock had no influence on the development of subsequent machine calculators, -
Edmund Wingate (Regla de cálculo)
the calculation rule is a calculation instrument that acts like an analog computer. It has several mobile numerical scales that facilitate the fast and convenient performance of complex arithmetic operations, such as multiplications, divisions, etc. Its scales have been modified in order to be adapted to specific fields of use, such as civil engineering, electronics, construction, aeronautics and aerospace, financial, etc. The most common scale is around 25 cm in length (10 inches). -
Blaise Pascal (Pascalina)
The pascalina was the first calculator that worked on wheels and gears, invented in 1642 by the French philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623-1662).The first name he gave his invention was "arithmetic machine." Then he called it "Pascalina wheel", and finally "Pascalina".This invention is the remote ancestor of the current computer.Pascal had been an early child, and was educated by his father.His first works were about natural and applied sciences. -
Sir Samuel Morlan (Máquina de multiplicar)
Samuel Morland invents the first multiplier machine in the court of King Charles II of England. The apparatus consisted of a series of wheels, each of which represented tens, hundreds, etc. A steel pin moved the dials to perform the calculations. Unlike pascalina, this device had no automatic column advance.
First machine (see photo below) is a simple addition device, similar to the Italian "El Ciclografo" by Tito Livio Burattini, produced in the late 1650s. -
Wilhelm Leibniz (La Rueda de Leibniz)
1ª Máquina de cálculos aritméticos= A Leibniz wheel or Leibniz cylinder is a cylinder-shaped drum, with a set of teeth of incremental length to which a counting wheel is attached. It was used as the calculation engine of a class of mechanical calculators. Invented by Leibniz in 1672, it was used for three centuries by computer members, until the arrival of the electronic calculator in the mid-1970s. He became famous thanks to Thomas de Colmar when he used it on his Arithmometer. -
Joseph Jacquard (Tarjeta perfoada=1ª memoria)
The perforated card or simply card is a sheet made of cardboard that contains information in the form of perforations according to a binary code. These were the first means used to enter information and instructions to a computer in the 1960s and 1970s. Punched cards were previously used by Joseph Marie Jacquard in the looms of his invention, from where he went to the first electronic computers. With the same logic, perforated tapes were used. -
Charles Babbage (1ª Máquina Analítica)
The analytical machine is the design of a modern general-purpose computer by the British professor of mathematics Charles Babbage, 1 who represented an important step in the history of computer science. It was initially described in 1837, although Babbage continued to refine the design until his death in 1871.2 The machine could not be built due to political reasons because there were detractors for a possible use of the machine for military purposes. -
Ada Lovelace (1ª programadora de la máquina analítica)
Charles Babbage was a British mathematician who laid the fundamental pillars on which computing developed. He designed and partially built a machine to calculate numerical differences and obtain tables of numbers and, in addition, he developed a theoretical model in which he defined an analytical machine capable of executing programs and, therefore, performing any type of calculation. The idea of Babbage, although it was something innovative -
George Boole (El álgebra de Boole y la codificación binaria)
Boolean algebra, also called Boolean algebra, in digital electronics, computer science and mathematics is an algebraic structure that schematizes logical operations. It is named in honor of George Boole, a self-taught English mathematician, who was the first to define it as part of a logical system, initially in a small booklet, The Mathematical Analysis of Logic , 1 published in 1847, in response to an ongoing dispute between Augustus De Morgan and Sir William Rowan Hamilton. -
Herman Hollerith (1ª Máquina Tabuladora)
The tabulating machine is one of the first computer application machines. In 1890, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) had developed an electric punch card system based on Boolean logic, applying it to a tabulation machine of his invention.The Hollerith machine was used to tabulate the census of that year in the United States, during the total process no more than two and a half years. The machine had a card reader, a counter, a classifier and a tabulator created by it. -
Leonardo Torres Quevedo (1ª Máquina Algebraica)
The Spanish engineer and mathematician Leonardo Torres Quevedo presented in 1894 to the Royal Academy of Sciences a report on the invention of his machine that allowed solving algebraic equations.The machine has two innovations: The use of the logarithmic scale (which allows the evaluation of monomials to be reduced to a maximum) and the "Endless spindles" created by Quevedo.The purpose of the machine was to obtain values of polynomial functions continuously and automatically. -
Ejercito alemán (Máquina Enigma)
Enigma was the name of a rotor machine that allowed it to be used both to encrypt and decrypt messages. It was patented in 1918 by the German company Scherbius & Ritter, co-founded by Arthur Scherbius, who had bought the patent of a Dutch inventor, and was put up for sale in 1923 for commercial use.In 1926, the German Navy adopted it for military use and shortly after its use was extended to the other German armed forces,being its use extended before and during World War II. -
Vannevar Bush (Analizador diferencial)
The Differential Analyzer (in English, Differential Analyzer) was a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, using wheel and disk mechanisms to perform the integration. It was one of the first advanced computing devices to be used operationally. the analyzer was invented in 1876 by James Thomson, brother of Lord Kelvin. A practical version was first built by Harold Locke Hazen and Vannevar Bush in early 1927 at MIT -
Alan Turing (Máquina Universal de Turing)
In computer science, a universal Turing machine (UTM) is a Turing machine that can simulate an arbitrary Turing machine at arbitrary input. The universal machine essentially achieves this by reading both the description of the machine to be simulated and also the very input of its own tape. Alan Turing introduced this machine in 1936-1937. This model is considered by some (for example, Davis, 2000) the origin of the stored program computer -
John Atanasoff (ABC, 1ª computadora electrónica y digital automática)
The Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC) was the first automatic electronic and digital computer that was used with numbers and letters (although this is now attributed to Konrad Zuse's Z1 completed in 1938). It was built by Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff with the help of Clifford Edward Berry between 1937 and 1942 at the 'Iowa State University', which was then called 'Iowa State College'. he ABC was built in the basement of 'Iowa State University', which was then called 'Iowa State College'. -
Konrad Zuse (Z1)
he Z1 was a mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1936 to 1937 and built by him from 1936 to 1938.1 2 It was a binary-drive mechanical calculator with limited programming, which read instructions from a perforated celluloid film.
The Z1 was the first freely programmable computer in the world that used Boolean logic and binary floating point numbers, however it was not reliable in the operation.3 4 It was completed in 1938 and fully funded with private funds. -
Konrad Zuse (Z2)
he Z2 computer, created by Konrad Zuse between 1940 and 1941, was designed from the Z1, since creating a mechanical machine presented some difficulties, and telephone relays were added to it.He was helped by a friend of his, Helmut Schreyer, who worked with electronic relays, and asked him to design the circuits to perform the three basic operations, AND, OR and NOT, so as not to design them from scratch. -
George Robert Stibitz (Calculadora de números complejos=CNC)
Beginning in 1930, Howard Aiken and George Robert Stibitz began the development of automatic calculators from mechanical and electrical components.In 1937 Claude Shannon published his work A Symbolic Analysis of Circuits with Switched Relays in which Boolean algebra was first implemented using electronic relays and switches, and laid the foundations on the practical design of digital circuits.In November 1937, Stibitz, who at the time was working at Bel -
Konrad Zuse (Z3)
The Z3 computer, created by Konrad Zuse in 1941, was the first fully programmable and automatic machine, features used to define a computer.The Z3, electromechanical technology, was built with 2300 relays, had a clock frequency of ~ 5 Hz, and a word length of 22 bits. The calculations were performed with purely binary floating point arithmetic. The machine was completed in 1941 (on May 12 of that same year it was presented to an audience of scientists in Berlin). -
Norbert Wiener (Nace la Cibernética)
In 1948, Norbert Wiener published in New York his Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, a book written in purely mathematical code in which he proposed his theory of control and communication in machines and animals, which he called Cybernetics, a word that he derived from the Greek voice kubernetes (Κυβερνήτης) or helmsman, same root from which the term government and its derivatives. -
Konrad Zuse (Z4)
The Z4 computer, designed by the German engineer Konrad Zuse and built by his company Zuse KG between 1941 and 1945, was delivered to ETH Zürich in Switzerland in September 1950.1 It was the first computer in the world to be sold, beating the British Ferranti Mark I for five months and UNIVAC I for ten months. The Z4 was the final result of Zuse by the design of the Z3. Like the Z3, it was an electromechanical machine.
