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Columbus unintentionally discovers the Americas when trying to find a new route to the Indies. This discovery led to a global economic system.
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This ended disputes between Portugal and Spain after Columbus's return. It divided lands off of the West Coast of Africa.
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He was sent by the English. One of the first English voyagers sent to the Americas.
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He landed on the coast of Panama and claimed any land touched by the Pacific for Spain.
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He forced his way in using Malinche and another Indian slave as a translator. Aztecs believed he was a returning god so they had easy entry; turned into modern day Mexico City.
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He started in Spain with five ships and was killed by inhabitants of the Phillipines. One ship returned home, which completed the first circumnavigations of the globe.
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Because of this, the English Protestant Reformation began. This made tensions with Spain rise.
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He ends their culture in Peru, which brings riches to Spain.
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St. Augustine was used to protect their their sea-lanes and defend themselves against the French. It is the oldest continually used European settlement to date.
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They beat the Pueblos severly, and in the Battle of Acoma, the spanish cut off one foot of each survivor, proclaiming that land as the province of New Mexico.
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By signing the treaty, it ensured that the English were able to start colonizing in the New World; England was blossoming just as Spain was when they first began colonizing.
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They recieved a charter from King James I, which granted them settlement in the New World. By 1609, only 60 of the 400 settlers remained alive.
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Baltimore established Maryland as a safe haven for Catholic people. However, people who were not Christian (jews and atheists) were to be killed under the Act of Toleration.
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Missionaries tried to supress native culture/religion, but the Pueblos rebelled and destroyed every Catholic church in the province.
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Georgia was founded by the Oglethorpe's. It's first intention was to protect the Carolinas against the Spaniards from Florida. It also was a good colony for wine and silk.
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The British also burned Falmout a year prior to this, and in that same month colonists attempted to capture Canada but failed.
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"Common Sense" voiced that the colonies had outgrown any need for English rule, and they should be given independence.
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Thomas Jefferson was chosen to create the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence was then formally approved by Congress.
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General Burgoyne was forced to surrender his troops to American general Horatio Gates. This win made it possible for the Americans to recieve aid from France. It was the turning point in the war.
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General Washington and his men were overpowered by the British at the Battle of Long Island. Washington and his men escaped to Manhattan Island, demonstrating his defensive fighting tactics.
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Washington and his troops crossed the Delaware River in a surprise attack and capture 1,000 Hessians in Trenton.
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At Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, Washington and his troops went without food for 3 days in the winter.
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Steuben was a former Hessian soldier. He helped train the American soldiers while at Valley Forge.
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Because the French feared American-British reconciliation, they made an open alliance with the colonists. This meant that the French would join the fight against the British for American independence.
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John Paul Jones created the American Navy and the tactic of privateering. Privateering is when privately owned vessels were given consent by the government, during wartime, to attack and capture enemy vessels, men, cargo, etc.
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Catherine the Great creates Armed Neutrality, which allied the remaining neutral European countries, which were Holland and Spain, against Britain.
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Benedict felt he was not getting enough recognition for his acations as a general for the Patriots, so, he leaks information to British troops and becomes the biggest traitor in American history.
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British General Cornwallis retreated tot Yorktown for seaborne supplies and reinforcements. George Washington, Rochambeau's French army, and Admiral de Grasse, cornered Cornwallis. He was forced to surrender.
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The Articles of Confederation was important because it was the first written constitution adopted by colonists. This confederation was copied from Connecticut.
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This treatry ensured american Independence from Britain, Flordia was granted to Spain, and issues over land were disputed.
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Thomas Jefferson beat John Adams to win the Election of 1800 by a majority of 73 to 65 electoral votes.
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The Judiciary Act of 1801 created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices.Democratic-Republican congress quickly repealed it and kicked the new 16 officials out.
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Jefferson's inaugural address calmed down Federalists by saying that everyone was a Federalist and a Republican. He also spoke about how the US will not have another event like the Franco-American alliance (aka no more alliances, just friendly relations)
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The Naturalization Law of 1802 reduced the requirement of 14 years of residence to the previous 5 years, which undid the Alien Acts.
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Marbury vs. Madison was case that started when Marbury sued Madison because he did not recieve his commission. The most important outcome from the case was that the Supreme Court had the final say in what was Constitutional and unconstitutional.
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After the Louisiana purchase, one of our biggest problems was that the area of the West was very unchartered territory. To solve this problem, Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore it. The entire journy took exactly two and a half years.
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Robert Livingston and James Monroe negotiated for the Louisiana land area. Napolean offered a better offer saying that he would give them all of Louisiana for $15 million dollars. This caused the two political parties to switch views, however, in the end the purchase was signed off on.
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When Napolean declares war in Europe in 1803, the US is overjoyed because this means that we could trade with either side in the war, however, when the British won the Battle of Trafalgar, this meant that they ruled the seas. This cut our ties with the French.
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After England's Orders in Council and France's similar act, Jefferson issued the Emargo Act, which stated that America would not export any goods to any country. This meant America would have to start creating its own goods.
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The British ship, Leopard, demanded men, when we refused, they open fire on the ship. The Chesapeake was badly impacted but floated back to shore. Although the British government apologized, it made the Americans ready to wage war.
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After Madison becomes President, Congress issued Macon's Bill No. 2, which reopened all trade to the entire world and said if France or Britain repealed their acts they would repeal the Embargo act to the country that repealed. This led to the War of 1812.
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After passing the Embargo Act, which cut off trade to everyone, the US realized that wasn't the best tactect, so, Congress passed the Non-Intercourse Act. This act stated that the US would only cut off trade to Britatin and France.
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"War Hawks" was a term for the Congressmen from the West and South who were ready to wage war. The most well-known War Hawk is Henry Clay.
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The battle was between the Shawnee Indians and William Henry Harrison. Tecumseh and the Prophet were two leading brothers in the Shawnee. They encouraged tradition in the Indian culture; this was seen as a threat, so Harrison attacked and defeated them, killing the Prophet.
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Caused by Macon's Bill No. 2, it was between the British and the Americans. The French receded in helping us, so we were fighting on our own. We spontaneoulsy attacked, using the three pronged tactic, which did not work. The war ended with the Treaty of Ghent two years after the war started.
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The Erie Canal was considered the "granddaddy" of all canals. It linked western rivers with the Atlantic. It dropped costs from the West to the East, it affected trade with Mississippi, and allowed for Western cities to boom.
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It started and England and meant that machines and factories were beginning to replace handmade products. It quickly spread to the rest of Europe and America. This meant cheap land, lots of jobs, and raw materials that brought in consumers.
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Nicknamed "the iron horse", the first tracks were laid mostly in the North. By the 1860s, there were 30,000 miles of railroad tracks. They largely helped with transportation of goods and travel, however, they were extrememly dangerous and collisions happened often.
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Issued initally as a joke by Jackson, it raised the Tarrif even higher (45%) than it had been in the Tariff of 1824. Their plan backfired extrememly when Congress passed the bill. This angered many and would eventually lead to the Compromise Tariff.
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By creating an electric telegraph, Morse allowed for instant communications, kicking the pony express to the curb. The first words ever said were "What hath God wrought?"
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Issued by Henry Clay, it lowered the tariff to previous rates. It said over and 8 year time the tariff would decrease by 10%. It undid the Tariff of Abominations, which was established as a joke but taken seriously and passed.
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A war that initially started over the boarder between Mexico and America, Texas won the revolution against Mexico. Anxious to join America, Texas requested annexation but was turned down because of the decision on whether or not Texas should be a slave state.
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This was the second economic panic of the 1800s. It was caused by overspeculation, Jackon's poor bank policies, "Specie circular", and failure of crops. Many banks crashed and farmers lost their farms.
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Inititated by Jackson through the Indian Removal Act, all Native Americans down South were forced to walk the "Trail of Tears" to Oklahoma. Jackson believed he was saving them and their culture by moving them. Thousands of NA died on the journey Westward.
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A part of Polk's four point plan, the independent treasury was established. Polk believed money should not be withheld by the federal bank but kept in independent treasuries, therefore, the Independent Treasury was established.
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After many issues with labor laws, such as child labor, overbearing hours, little breaks, and poor work conditions, Unions were finally legalized. Unions allowed for workers to huddle together and stand up for what they felt they deserved.
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Apart of the manufacturing boom, Howe and Singer created the sewing machine. This invention greatly helped with the production of cloth.
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The Potato famine killed millions in Ireland; it was sparked after war in Europe. Because of this, thousands of Irish folks traveled to America as immigrants. They lived in the slums of America and had poor paying jobs. Many Americas rejected their culture.
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The Know Nothing party, also known as the American Party, were a mysterious group who fed off of fear. Its members strongly opposed immigrants and followers of the Catholic Church, which meant they were not fans of the Irish.
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Also known as the National Road, Cumberland Road reached from Maryland all the way to Illinois. It became the main route to connect the East to the West by means of travel.
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This novel was following a more popular one written by Harriet Beecher Stowe called "Uncle Tom's Cabin" This novel had a completely different outlook on slavery, saying that the white men who did not have slaves suffered the most in this situtaion.
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Kansas got this name after violent outbreaks that occured when Kansas was voted to be a slave state.
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The Lecompton Constitution said that if the consitution would pass with or without slavery, and if the people voted for no slavery, the slaves already in the state were to be kept but none were allowed to be taken in.
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Brooks was a politician from the South and Sumnar from the North. Sumnar was being a huge jerk, and Brooks had enough of it. He beat him with his cane.
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This election was won by, James Buhcanan. It was a good thing that Fremont did not win because he paved the way for LIncoln in the election of 1860.
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The Dred Scott decision was over a slave seeking freedom because his owner took him into free states. Taney decided that his case was invalid because slaves were not citizens, congress could not prohibit or not allow slavery anywhere, which also meant that the Missouri compromise was unconstitutional.
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This panic was caused from over-speculation, over-production of goods, and finally
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John Brown attempted to take over an arsenal to start a slave rebellion. He took over one building but was stopped immediately. He was killed.
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This doctrine was made during the heated Linoln-Douglas debates. It said that if people of a state said no slavery, slavery would be banned. In other words, the people held the power with this doctrine.
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The debates between Lincoln and Douglas took place during the Senate race. Throughout these debates, many topics were discussed. The most influential was the debate over slavery and popular sovereignty.
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Lincoln won this election. His win caused South Carolina to secede, creating the Confederate States of America. Five southern states joined and also seceded.
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This compromise was a final try at resolving the slavery dispute. It said that slavery was banned above 36 30 line and allowed below.
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SC threatened to seced if Lincoln was placed in office; they did just that when he won. They helped to create the Confederate States of America, creating a confederacy.
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President Buchanan does nothing to stop South Carolina from seceding, along with the other states. He believes the military is needed out West and Lincoln will fix it when he is inaugurated
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He was nominated the one and only President of the Confederate States of America. He was not well liked, which hurt the confederacy.
