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led by Churchill
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-purpose: defeating Nazi Germany and the other Axis Powers (e.g Japan)
-an alliance of convenience between the UK, USA, and USSR -
led by Stalin
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led by Roosevelt
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-first meeting of the allies
-USA + UK would invade Europe from the west through Nazi-occupied France (using UK as a base), opening up a second front there by May 1944 (harder to fight 2 wars at once)
-USSR would invade Germany from the East
-USSR would join the war against Japan once Germany was defeated
-USA and UK agreed Polish borders would move west (German land to Poland and Polish land to USSR)
-idea of an international body to settle disputes (foundations of NATO) -
-Declaration of Liberated Europe: aid for those liberated from Nazi control.
-Germany would have some sort of reparations (Stalin wanted $20bn monetary)
-Germany demilitarised
-Nazi war criminals tried in court
-US + UK wanted democratic elections in East Europe, Poland remained in Soviet Sphere of Influence
-USSR would declare war on Japan once Germany was defeated
-Germany would be split into four (UK, USA, USSR, France)
-Creation of UN agreed on -
replaced with Truman
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-this gave the USA a huge military advantage
-it angered Stalin as he felt he should have been consulted -
-banned the Nazi party in Germany
-Nuremberg trials would try war criminals
-created Council of Foreign Ministers
-Germany divided into 4 zones of occupation + USSR would recieve 1/4 of the output of the other zones (compensation for no reparations)
-USA wanted democratic elections in East Europe (a pro-communisty party had been installed in Poland) -
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-contributed to Japan's surrender + the end of WW2
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-aimed to help Europe's recovery and settle peace treaties with Nazi allies (e.g. Italy, Bulgaria, Finland)
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Sent by US Ambassador to the Soviet Union, George Kennan, to Washington.
-Argued the USSR was a threat to capitalism that should be destroyed.
-Suggested USSR was building its naval, military, and nuclear power.
-Said peace between USA + USSR was impossible -
-Given by Winston Churchill in Fulton, Missouri (USA)
An iron curtain has descended across the continent of Europe
-Described USSR's behaviour in Eastern Europe -
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Sent by Soviet Ambassador to USA, Nikolai Novikov, to Stalin
-Said USA aimed to be the greatest power in the world
-Said USA was preparing to go to war
-Said USSR was the only nation that could stop USA becoming the most dominant military + economic power in the world -
-tried to encourage communist uprising in Europe
-hoped to destroy communist opposition in satellite states -
-US + UK's zones of Germany joined
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-at this point Poland, Romania + Bulgaria were under USSR control: USA was scared of the domino effect
I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures. I believe we must assist free peoples to work out their own desitinies in their own way
-committed to giving political, military + financial aid
-introduced Containment policy
-reduced communisms appeal to countries devastated postwar -
-France joined
-Trizonia began to recieve Marshall aid (recieving $1.45bn)
-Stalin thought this broke Yalta + Potsdam agreements. -
-Provided economic assistance to the Truman Doctrine
-$12.7bn to Europe
-meant to help rebuilding + encourage trade with the US
-Stalin prevented any USSR supported communist nations from accepting the aid -
Deutschmark:Rentenmark
1:1 for business
1:15 for savers -
-USSR shut down all transport links into West Berlin (isolating it from Trizonia so no supplies reached it)
-Western powers didn't want to appear weak but attacking/breaking USSR military blockades of roads + railway lines could trigger war -
-peaceful show of strength + solution to regaining some control
-supplies were flown into West Berlin
-Tegel airport built to improve efficiency (1 plane every 30s)
-gave USSR a negative image -
-an answer to the Marshall Plan
-gave financial aid, encouraging trade with the USSR
-any nation that joined had to refuse Marshall aid
-included satellite states Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania + East Germany -
-united the USA, France + UK under a military alliance with the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark + Canada
-collective security: if one is attacked, the others fight on its behalf -
(West)
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*4 years after USA
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(East)
-another satellite state -
1000x more destructive
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-3.5 million East Germans migrated to West Germany
-Soviet propaganda defeat
-skilled workers leaving meant output, productivity, and wealth suffered -
*1 year after USA
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-replaced by Nikita Khrushchev
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-a response to NATO
-alliance between the USSR + its Eastern European satellite states -
-given by Khrushchev
-introduced the liberal idea of destalinization -
-protests on the streets
-there had been food shortages and bad harvests -
-communist
-more liberal than Rakosi, and more liberal than anticipated
-planned to end 1-party rule
-wanted an impartial legal system
-wanted to give farmers private ownership of land
-wanted the Soviet army to withdraw from Hungary -
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-there was a vocal condemnation of this by the USA, but no actual action, as they didn't want to risk war
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-could be fired 5500km
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-Soviet Politburo appointed Janos Kadar in his place
-15 point programme adopted to reverse Nagy's reforms, tightening communist control -
-memorandum issued by Khrushchev
-claimed Berlin should be absorbed into East Germany
-said all USA, UK + French troops should leave Berlin in 6 months (they didn't)
-led to a series of summit meetings -
*1 year after USSR
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-ended cooperation with USA
-Cuba began trade with USSR (oil, fuel etc) -
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-led by Eisenhower and Khrushchev
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-undermined by U2 Spy Plane crisis: USSR had shot down a USA spy plane in Russian airspace
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-between Khrushchev and Kennedy
-failed to resolve the issues between the USA and USSR -
America invaded Cuba
-CIA informed Kennedy itd appear as a Cuban revolt
-CIA funded Cuban exiles: Brigade 2506, giving them US plans, the invasion launched from Guatemala
-1400 US paramilitaries met by 20000 Cuban army + surrendered
-Castro had been warned
-US planes had been used
-1202 of Brigade 2506 were captured and ransomed for $28mil worth of tractors -
-an effort to solve the refugee crisis, keeping people in the East
-initially a fence rimmed with razor wire, developed into a heavy concrete border
-USSR propaganda defeat: showed they couldn't control their citizens
-a more peacful solution than in Hungary
-initially, foreigners could travel across 'Checkpoint Charlie' -
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-the prisoners were exchanged for $53mil worth of food + medicine
-any possibility of good US-Cuban relations was destroyed by the Bay of Pigs
-Castro's socialist rule was cemented
-it wasn't a good look for the USA to have funded a failed invasion and try to deny involvement -
Cuba had allowed their placement as a deterrent for further USA attacks
-this caused US media panic -
-Kennedy placed a blockade to prevent USSR ships reaching Cuba
-USSR initially said they wouldn't respect it and any action towards their ships could provoke nuclear war. -
-hawks wanted aggressive action against Cuba e.g. Dean Acheson
-doves considered MAD so didn't think it worth the risk
(led by US defense secretary Robert McNamara -
Khrushchev and Kennedy agreed the USSR wouldn't place missiles on Cuba if the USA removed its warheads/ICBMs from European army bases (Italy, Turkey etc), so neither had missiles in range of the other's teritory
-USA saved some face as they removed the missiles without informing the public -
-states his agreement not to send missiles to Cuba
-Soviet ships never crossed the blockade
-weaker appearance
-war was avoided -
-showed solidarity
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-nuclear weapons could no longer be tested above ground
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-neither side wanted war and this meant leaders could communicate immediately in a crisis
-consequence of CMC1962 -
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-agreed not to use nuclear weapons in outer space (blocks loophole of not being on the ground in LTBT)
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-installed the idea the USSR would use Warsaw pact troops to retain power
-if communism was threatened/reforms were introduced in the sphere of influence invasion was expected
-condemned by USA + UK, but they did not want war
-opposed by Yugoslavia, Romania, China, Albania, France + Italy -
-stopped the USA and USSR from sharing nuclear missiles with other nations
(believed Israel got some in 1967) -
-living standards has fallen under USSR rule- opposition to communism
-communism with a human face
-reforms to improve living standards
-increased political freedom
-relaxed censorship
-reduced power to the secret police
-market socialism
-this threatened USSR as it could lead to reforms elsewhere in the sphere of influence -
-Brezhnev wanted the reforms removed, Dubcek refused
-Dubcek was arrested, he urged Czech troops not to violently resist
-It became a strict-run satelite state under Gustav Husak
-normalisation removed the reforms
-Dubcek was returned to Czech government with less power -
-capped missile kinds USA +USSR could have
-no new ICBMS (replacements allowed)
-no new nuclear launch sites
-no new nuclear submarines (replacements allowed)
-maximum of 2 Anti-Ballistic Missile deployment areas
each (keep MAD mutual)
-positive collaboration
-paused arms race
Agreed between Nixon and Brezhnev.
Successful enough to prompt SALT 2 -
laid the grounds for SALT 2
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-Cuba began to ask USSR for military defence support
-USA was trying to regain ties, but also wouldn't recognise Castro's government and the CIA unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate him -
-signed by 35 countries
-focused on international borders, security + human rights
Basket 1: current European borders were inviolable
Basket 2: USA + USSR agreed to trade, economic dependence reducing chance of war. Promoted trade + tech links across the Iron curtain
Basket 3: to respect human rights- free movement + speech -
-the UN would be used as a peace mediator rather than military support
-student exchange trips: co-operation + sharing of knowledge
-East + West Germany would be permanently split
-not an official treaty
-Brezhnev doctrine still in place, USA still interfered elsewhere. -
-this began a civil war
-reforms were met with violent reaction
-20 years friendship treaty signed with the USSR -
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-led to economic struggles
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-signed by Brezhnev + Carter
-agreed USA + USSR would stop developing new missile programs
-each could own only 1320 long-range/ballistic missiles
-destroyed by the Afghanistan war (never ratified by the Senate + House of Representative because of it- didn't become US law) -
-Hafizullah Amin became president of Afghanistan
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I guessed it, it's all true
-died in a Soviet attack on the royal palace in an invasion
-Babrak Karmal was chosen as the new president -
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-all relations with the Soviet Union were broken off
-trade agreements made at Helsinki stopped
-USA supported economic sanctions against the USSR
-committed to using force in Iran + Afghanistan if needed -
-harsh views towards communism and socialism
-funded the Mujahidin against the USSR in Afghanistan
-invested in Perishing missiles
-commissioned the Star Wars nuclear defence system -
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-the economy was struggling
-satellite states only remained in the Warsaw pact for fear of miliary repression -