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Income tax
As the Northern economy grew, Congress decided to help pay for the war by collecting the nation’s first income tax, a tax that takes a specified percentage of an individual’s income. -
Abolition
The movement to abolish slavery, became the most important of a series of reform movements in America. -
Missouri Compromise 1820-1821
Series of agreements. Maine admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. The rest of the Louisiana Territory was split into two parts. Dividing line was set at 36 30. south of line slavery was legal. North line, except in missouri, slavery banned. Under president James Monroe. -
Santa Fe Trail
Settlers and traders made a trek west using trail. it was the busiest routes that stretched for 780 miles from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe in the MExican province of New Mexico. (1821-1860) -
San Felipe de Austin
The main settlement of the colony in Stephen F. Austin's honor. established in 1821. established by stephen f austin. made possible because austin received a land grant from Spain to establish a colony between the Brazos and Colorado rivers. no drunkard nor gambler no profane swear and no idler would be allowed. -
Mexico abolishes slavery
many settlers were southerners who had brought slaves with them to texas. Mexico which had abolished slavery in 1829 insisted in vain that the Texans free their slaves. created cultural issues to intensify between Anglos and the Mexican Government. -
The Liberator 1831-1865
Author- William Lloyd Garrison. radical white abolitionist editor. delivered an uncompromising demand. immediate emancipation of slaves. editor of antislavery paper. -
Nat Turner's rebellion
Some slaves rebelled against their condition of bondage. One of the most prominent rebellions was led by Virginia slave Nat Turner. In August 1831, Turner and more than 50 followers attacked four plantations and killed 60 whites. Whites eventually captured and executed many members of the group, including Turner. The Turner rebellion frightened and outraged slaveholders. In some states, people argued that the only way to prevent slave revolts was through emancipation. tightened rules. -
Stephen F Austin goes to Jail
Austin had traveled to Mexico City late in 1833 to present petitions to Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna for greater self-gov for texas. While he was on his way home, Santa Anna had Austin imprisoned for inciting revolution. -
Oregon Trail
Stretched from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon. It was blazed in1836by 2 methodist miisionaries named Marcus and Narcissa Whitman. Proved wagons could travel on Oregon Trail driving them as far as Fort Boise. -
Texas Revolution
After Santa Ana suspended local powers in Texas and other Mexican states, several rebellions broke out. Anglo Americans declared independence from Mexico and ratifies a constitution. Under treaty of velasco it became independent and elected a president -
Manifest Destiny
The belief that the US was ordained to expand to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican and Native American territory. -
Texas enters the US
James K. Polk a slaveholder favored annexation. Southerners want texas to extend slavery while northerners fear more slave territory. -
Mexican-American war
Cause by manifest destiny, westward expansion, economics, and slavery. Southerners wanted more slave state to increase political power. 1846-1848. dispute over foreign soil. -
The North Star
Frederick Douglass, who escaped slavery. the movement to abolish slavery, became the most important of a series of reform movements in America. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidlago
The US and Mexico signed treaty. Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico and cede the New Mexico and California territories to the US. US paid $15 million for mexican cession including cali, nevada, new mex, utah, most of arizona, and parts of colorado and wyoming. -
Compromise of 1850
Border dispute and issues of slavery not settled. Henry clay presented compromise to senate. To please the North, the compromise provided that California be admitted to the Union as a free state. To please the South, the compromise proposed a new and more effective fugitive slave law. To placate both sides, a provision allowed popular sovereignty, the right to vote for or against slavery, for residents of the New Mexico and Utah territories. -
Harriet Tubman
Most famous conductor. born a slave in Maryland in 1820 or 1821. In 1849, after Tubman’s owner died, Tubman decided to make a break for freedom and succeeded in reaching Philadelphia. Shortly after passage of the Fugitive Slave Act, Tubman resolved to become a conductor on the Underground Railroad. In all, she made 19 trips back to the South and is said to have helped 300 slaves—including her own parents—flee to freedom. -
Underground Railroad
System of escape routes. Started by free african amer. and white abolitionists. secret network to hide fugitive slaves. -
Fugitive slave act
Fugitive slaves were not entitled to a trial by jury. Anyone convicted of helping a fugitive was liable for a fine of $1,000 and imprisonment for up to six months. Northerners resisted it by organizing “vigilance committees” to send endangered African Americans to safety in Canada. Others resorted to violence to rescue fugitive slaves. Part of Comp of 1850. -
Uncle Tom's Cain
author- Harriet Beecher Stowe. which stressed that slavery was not just a political contest, but also a great moral struggle. Uncle Tom’s Cabin expressed her lifetime hatred of slavery. The book stirred Northern abolitionists to increase their protests against the Fugitive Slave Act. -
Kansas Nebraska Act
Douglas introduced a bill in Congress on January 23, 1854,
that would divide the area into two territories: Nebraska in the north and Kansas in the south. If passed, the bill would repeal the Missouri Compromise and establish popular sovereignty for both territories. Became law in 1854 -
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Dred Scott, , a slave whose owner took him from the slave state of Missouri to free territory in Illinois and Wisconsin and back to Missouri. appealed that living in free state Illinois and free territory, made him a free man. Scott lacked any legal standing to sue in federal court because he was not, and never could be, a citizen. Moreover, the Court ruled that being in free territory did not make a slave
free. -
Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas Debates
Lincoln challenged the man known as the “Little Giant” to a series of debates on the issue of slavery in the territories. Neither wanted slavery in the territories. Douglas believed deeply in popular sovereignty. Lincoln, on the other hand, believed that slavery was immoral. However, he did not expect individuals to give up slavery unless Congress abolished slavery with an amendment. Douglas won Senate seat. Lincoln became good candidate for presidency in 1860. -
John Brown's raid/ Harpers Ferry
Brown studied slave uprisings and believed US ripe for similar uprisings. Led band of 21 men into Harpers ferry, virginia. His aim was to seize the federal arsenal there and start a general slave uprising. Troops put down rebellion. Brown put to death but created more tension. northerners angry and south ppl more assaults. -
Abraham Lincoln becomes president
presidential campaign in 1860. Northern Democrats rallied behind Douglas and his doctrine of popular sovereignty. Southern Democrats, who supported the Dred Scott decision, lined up behind Vice-President John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky. FLincoln emerged as the winner with less than half the popular vote and with no electoral votes from the South -
Formation of the Confederacy
Mississippi soon followed South Carolina’s lead, as did Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. President was Lincoln. drew up a constitution that closely resembled that of the United
States, but with a few notable differences. The most important
difference was that it “protected and recognized” slavery in new territories. The Confederates -
Battle of Bull Run
The first bloodshed on the battlefield occurred about three months
after Fort Sumter fell, near the little creek of Bull Run, just 25 miles from Washington, D.C. The battle was a seesaw affair. In the morning the Union army gained the upper hand, but the Confederates held firm, inspired by General Thomas J. Jackson. -
Attack on Fort Sumter
March 4, 1861. Months earlier, as soon as the Confederacy was formed, Confederate soldiers in each secessionist state began seizing federal installations—especially forts. By the time of Lincoln’s inauguration. Lincoln decided to neither abandon Fort Sumter nor reinforce it. He would merely send in “food for hungry men.” At 4:30 A.M. on April 12, Confederate batteries began thundering away to the cheers of Charleston’s citizens. -
Battle of Antietam
McClellan ordered his men to pursue Lee, and the two
sides fought on September 17 near a creek called the
Antietam (Bn-tCPtEm). The clash proved to be the bloodiest
single-day battle in American history, with casualties
totaling more than 26,000. The next day, instead of pursuing
the battered Confederate army into Virginia and possibly
ending the war, McClellan did nothing. As a result,
Lincoln removed him from command. -
Emancipation Proclamation
On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation. The proclamation did not free any slaves immediately because it applied only to areas behind Confederate lines, outside Union control. Nevertheless, for many, the proclamation gave the war a moral purpose by turning the struggle into a fight to free the slaves. It also ensured that compromise was no longer possible. -
Battle at Vicksburg
Union general Ulysses S. Grant fought to take Vicksburg, one of the two remaining Confederate strongholds on the Mississippi River. important because it rested on bluffs above the river from which guns could control all water traffic. In the winter of 1862–1863, Grant tried to take it from the Confederates. able to land troops and weaken their defenses. failed 2 frontal attacks. settled for siege. set of barrage artillery shelling. ppl had to eat dogs. surrendered July 4 -
Gettysburg Address
In November 1863, a ceremony was held to dedicate a cemetery in Gettysburg. There, President Lincoln spoke for a little more
than two minutes. According to some contemporary historians, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address “remade America.” Before Lincoln’s speech, people said the speech helped the country to realize that it was not just a collection of individual states; it was one unified nation. -
Conscription
The civil war led to social upheaval and political unrest in both the North and the South. As the fighting intensified, heavy casualties and widespread desertions led each side to impose conscription, a draft that forced men to serve in the army. In the North, conscription led to draft riots, the most violent of which took place in New York City. -
Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg began on July 1 when Confederate soldiers led by A. P. Hill encountered several brigades of Union cavalry under the command of John Buford officer from Illinois. day 2 Confederate driven Union troops from Gettysburg, control over town. Against general lee, confeds. 23,000 Union men and 28,000 Confederates were killed or wounded. Total casualties were more than 30 percent. Northerners were enthusiastic about breaking “the charm of Robert Lee’s invincibility.” -
Sherman's March
Led by William Tecumseh Sherman, commander of military division. began his march southeast through Georgia to the sea. burned every house in its path. destroyed livestock and railroads. After reaching the ocean, Sherman’s forces—followed by 25,000 former slaves—turned north to help Grant “wipe out Lee.” burned most of Atlanta mid November. -
Surrender at Appomattox Court House
On April 9, 1865, in a Virginia town called Appomattox Court House, Lee and Grant met at a private home to arrange a Confederate surrender. Lincoln- generous terms. Grant paroled Lee’s soldiers and sent them home with their possessions and three days’ worth of rations. Officers were permitted to keep their side arms. Within a month all remaining Confederate resistance collapsed. After four long years, the Civil War was over. -
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
five days after Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, Killed by John Wilkes Booth, 26 yr old actor and southern sympathizer. avenge the south. at the Ford's Theater in Washington to see brit comedy, Our Amer. Cousin. -
Thirteenth Amendment
After some political maneuvering, the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified at the end of 1865. The U.S. Constitution now stated, “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States.”
