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On July 4th, 1881 Tuskegee institute was created, which was a school primarily for African American students. First arriving into the city Booker T. Washington ,the founder, the school was only merely a thought. In only four months the old school that was only small soon became a normal school as big as any normal one would be, and inspired African Americans to take up in education. He would write a letter to Marshall saying that in four months they went from nothing to paying last dollar. -
The conference that led to the NAACP's founding had been called in response to a race riot in Illinois. There main purpose in its early days spread awareness of the lynching epidemic by means of a 100,000-person silent march in the city of New York. It is the oldest and largest active civil rights group, and was a catalyst for the start of the civil rights acts. -
On August 18th, 1920 the 19th amendment of the United States was finally ratified. The amendment officially granted the rights to women to be able to vote. This officially called an end to a almost century of protest. With combined efforts of activists, such as Stanton ,Mott, along with Susan B. Anthony they raised public awareness to be able to reach this goal. -
Starting off in the year 1948, on July 26th President Harry Truman issued the executive order 9981. The purpose of the order was to end all segregation within the U.S armed forces. It is stated in the order "on the basis of race, color, religion or national origin" that all segregations would end. This happened in the middle of the Korean war. This first source of ending segregation paved the way for the start of civil rights movements. -
Happening on May 17th, 1954 the Supreme Court declared that in schools racial segregation is unconstitutional. Stated from the court itself “in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place,” This started from Brown stating that racial segregation is against the protections of the 14th amendment. The Brown Vs. Board of Education was known as a cornerstone for the civil rights movements, and help establish the equal but separated precedent. -
The event of Emmett Till's death is about a 14 year old boy named Emmett Till. He was brutally murdered in the state of Mississippi because of allegedly flirting with a white woman. Emmett's murderers were soon arrested and was put on trial. This incident caused national attention and outrage as the magazine company, Jet, used pictures of the body. The body had been brutally beaten within the open casket. -
Prior to the Montgomery Bus Boycott it was triggered by the events of Rosa Parks not wanting to give up her seat on a bus. Her arrest started up the Bus Boycott. Starting on December 5th the boycott was led by Martin Luther King Jr, and was so successful it became a longer protest, lasting for longer than a year. It is regarded as the very first large scale protest against racial segregation. It all came to an end when the Supreme Court finally ruled that segregating seating was unconstitutional -
In the year 1957 nine new students that were African American attended their first day of school at Little Rock Central High School. That was to say their entire student population was originally only whites. Before even entering the campus the front of the school was blocked off by a mob of white men and soldiers from the Arkansas National Guard sent by Orval Eugene. Eventually they returned on September 23 and were constantly harassed and met with violence. 8 of out the 9 finished the year. -
Eisenhower in 1957 signs the Civil Rights act of 1957. This was in order to protect and help voters rights. Another part of the act was the ability to do federal prosecution to those that are against another person's right to vote. -
In the month of April 1960 the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was created. It was a civil rights group primarily to give more of a voice to people in the Africans American Community. It would soon become one of the most popular branches. They played a huge part in the events of the freedom rides and assisting MLK. Soon though a new leader was appointed named H. Rap Brown which appointed violence more than peace. After this he was arrested and the group soon disbanded. -
In the town of Greensboro , North Carolina there were four African American college students refused to leave a section only meant for Whites without being served. They were soon nicknamed as the Greensboro four with their names being Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain and Joseph McNeil. They never moved from their spots until closing where the next day brought even more African Americans about 20. The Greensboro sit in sparked more events like these in other states. -
Throughout the entire year of 1961 both Black and White people also now known as the Freedom Riders took buses throughout the south to protest. They protested against segregated bus terminals and other stuff like bathrooms, water fountains, and lunch counters. On one such ride in South Carolina ended up being firebombed and the people inside were beaten. Though, the effects have already been put into action, drawing national attention many people joined the freedom riders cause. -
Written by Martin Luther King Jr. The main purpose of the letter was to defend the way of non violent protest to racism. He is mainly responding to the clergymen judging his actions. . King is upset that the clergymen did not see fit to also commend the brave black people who have fought injustice nonviolently. Believing that history will ultimately show this, he believes they will eventually be recognized as heroes. -
On August 28th, 1963 one if not the most famous civil rights event took its start. On the day an estimated 250,000 people marched in the March On Washington , for the purpose of fighting for jobs and freedoms. It was a peaceful march with no intentions of causing any sort of violence. At the end of this event in front of the Lincoln Memorial Martin Luther King Jr. gave his history written speech "I have A Dream." -
On July 2nd, 1964 the current president Lyndon B. Johnson officially signs the Civil Rights act of 1964. Which was an improved version of the civil rights act proposed by JFK before he died. Within this act the terms were to prevent employment discrimination relating to to race, color, sex, religion or national origin. Even with much controversy of the signing of the act, it eventually was recognized and was a good step for civil rights. -
On March 7th, 1965 MLK made another event a march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery, Alabama. The purpose was to call for support and call for a federal voting rights law that would provide support to African Americans. In the process of the march local police block the path and brutally attack them. They would soon bring the situation to court and after much fighting for their march, it was soon proved successful. Afterwards MLK and others did two more marches and soon completed the march. -
On August 8th, 1965 President Johnson officially signs the Voting Rights act of 1965. The purpose of the act was to prevent the use of literacy tests on voting requirements. Another benefit from the voting act was it allowed federal examiners to review the voters qualifications, and have federal observers monitoring the voting polls. -
As a result of Malcom X being in the result of an assassination and many urban uprisings the waking of a new party formed, The Black Panther party. Founded by Huey P Newton and Bobby Seale with the purpose of protecting African American Neighborhoods from police brutality. The party did many events to try and achieve this goal such as offering legal aid, and free shoes to poor people. The party confronted the many economic problems African Americans have on a daily, that reformers dont address. -
On April 4th, 1968 on the 2nd floor balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, MLK was assassinated by a sniper. The resulting effects of the death was large, with many riots coming around due to it. As well as the death causing the passing of new laws and new acts such as the fair housing act. The lasting effect though was the steady leaving of the non violent tactics that passed so many laws. -
Sandra Day O'Connor was born in El Paso in 1930. In her college years she took two years to get her law degree in Stanford University. She always ranked near the top of her class. Though, due to her being a women no one would hire her to a suitable position. In 1981 President Reagan nominated her for a position on the supreme court due to one of the people retiring, Potter Stewart. Many of them were against her being the court, but even still she was unanimously voted in by the court.