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13th Amendment
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery. This Amendment was passed on January 31st, 1865. It was the first of three Reconstruction Amendments adopted following the American Civil War. -
14th Amendment
The 14th Amendment was on of the reconstruction Amendments. It addresses citenship rights and equal protection of the laws. It was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. -
15th Amendment
The 15th amendment prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on the citizen's race, color, or previou condition of servitude. It was thr third and final reconstruction amendment. After that , congress repeadtly debated the rights of the millions of black former slaves. -
Poll taxes
Poll taxes enacted in southern states between 1889 and 1910 had the effect of disenfranchinsing many blacks as well as poor whites. Payment of the tax was prerequiste for voting in federal elections. -
Jim Crow
Jim Crow was not a person, yet affected the lives of millions of people. It was named after a popular 19th century minstrel song sterotyped African Americans, "Jim Crow" cam eot personify the system of government- sactional racial oppression and segrgation in the United States -
Literacy tests
A literacy test referrs to state government practices of administering tests tot prospective voters purportedly to test their literacy in order to vote. They were intended to disenfranchise African- American. For other nations, they have been a matter of immigration policy. -
Plessy Vs. Ferguson
It is a landmark United States Supreme COurt decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilites under the doctrine of seperate but equal. Seperate but equal remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its repudiation in the 1954 Suprmem Court decision Brown v. Board education. -
19th Amendment
It prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. It was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the united states. -
Korematsu v. United States
It was a landmark United States Supreme Court case covering the constitutionally of executive order 9066, which ordered Japenese Americasn into internment camps during World War II regardless of citizenship.The Court sided with the government., ruling the exclusion order was constitutional. -
Sweatt Vs Painter
It was a U.S Supreme court case that successfully challenged the "seperate but equal" doctrine of racial segregation. This case involved a black man, who was refused admission to the school of law of the Univeristy of Texas, on the grounds that the Texas State constitution prohibited intergrated education. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery bus boycott was a 13 month mass protest that ended with the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses is unconstitutional. It demonstrated the potential for nonviolent mass protect to seccussfully challenge racial segregation and served as an example for other southern campaigns that followed. -
24th Amendment
The 24th Amendment prohibits requiring a poll tax for voters in federal elections. Virginia, Alabama, Texas, Arkansas, and Mississippi still retained a poll tax when the amendment was ratified. The use of poll taxes was held to be constittional by the Supreme court. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil rights act of 1964 is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United states that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national orgin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segrgation in schools. -
Voting rights Act of 1965
The voting Rights act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the united states tha tprohibits racial discrimination in voting. The act is considered to be the most effective piece of civil rights legislation ever enacted in the country. It contains numerous provisions that regulate the administration of elections. -
Robert Kennedy Speech in Indianapolis upon death of MLK
This speech was given in Indianapolis, Indiana. Before boarding a plane to attend a camplaign rallies in Indianapolis, Kennedy learned that the king had been shot. When he arrived he was informed that the king had died. -
Reed Vs. Reed
Was an equal protection case in the United States in Which Supreme Court ruled that the administrators of estates cannot be named in a way that discriminates between sexes. Sally and Cecil Reed, a married couple who had seperated, were in conflict over which of them to designate as administrato of the estate of their deceased son. -
Regents of the University of California Vs. Bakke
it was a landmark decision by the supreme court of the united States. it upheld affirmative action, allowing race by one of several factors in college admission policy. -
Equal rights Amendment
It was a proposed amendment to the united states constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for women. It stirred up the debate about the direction of the ideology and tactics of the women's movement. -
Bowers vs. Hardwick
It was a Supreme Court decision, overturned in 2003 that upheld, in a 5-4 ruling, the constitutionality of a Georgia sodomy law criminalizing oral and anal sex in private between consenting adults when applied to homosexuals. The majority opinion argued that the constitution did not confer "a fundamental right to engage in homosexual sodomy. -
Lawrence vs. Texas
Is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court. In a 6-3 ruling the Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making making same-sex sexual activity legal. -
Fisher vs Texas
It is a United States Supremem Court case concering the affirmative action admissions policy of the Univeristy of Texas at Austin. The Supreme Court voided the lower appallate court's ruling in favor of the University and remanded the case, holding that the lower court had not applied the standard of strict scrutiny. -
Indiana's gay rights court battle
The lawyer for a lesbian couple challenged Michigan's ban on same-sex marriage says she welcomes the prospect of the Supreme Court taking on the case. Court upheld bans on same-sex marriage in Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. -
Americans with Disabilities Act
It was a law that was enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1990. It is a wide ranging civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. -
Brown Vs. Board of education
It was a landmark United States Supreme Court declared state laws esablishing publi schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victoy of the civil rights movement. -
Affirmative Actions
Is the policy favoring memebers of a disadvantaged group who are perceived to suffer from discrimination within a culture. Affimative actions is intended to promote the opportunites of defined minority groups within a society to give them equal access to that of the majority population.
