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Congress of Racial Equality Founded (CORE)
-Civil Rights, protect individuals freedom from government
-group of students founded it
-counseled migrants and black social workers
-first action was peaceful protest sit in, in segregated coffee shop -
Dodgers hire Jackie Robinson
-Color line, barrier created to separate by race and economic beliefs
-Jackie Robinson was hired by the Dodgers in 1945
-Robinson was cleated, spiked with the ball, and even taunted by fans and other players, also his own teammates. -
Executive Order 9981
-segregation, ended it in the military
-President Truman signed the signed
-African Americans and White soldiers were involved -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
-Malcom X: leader of the religious group, Nation of Islam
-this group believed in the separation of whites and blacks completely.
-blacks grew to be independent and ran their own businesses and schools -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
Thurgood Marshall, argued for Brown in the case. Was lead attorney.
-Public schools became de-segregated
-Brown wins
-Linda Brown wanted to go to a white school that was closer to her home, case was argued in front of the Warren court. -
Period: to
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-boycott, was started when a woman named Rosa Parks refused to give her seat up and was sent to jail
-chose Martin Luther King Jr. to lead the bus boycott
-in 1956, government overthrew segregation on buses -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine
-9 black students arrived with troops, they attended class Sept. 4th
-white kids taunted them, yelled racial slurs and poured food and drinks on black students. -
First Lunch Counter Sit-in
-Jim Crow laws, involved African Americans
-students were refused service, and sat at the counter until closing
-the first African American ate at the Woolworth's lunch counter, July 25th 1960 -
Freedom Rides
-CORE organized the Freedom Rides
-Civil Rights protest where blacks and whites rode interstate buses together
-occurred in -
Birmingham Campaign: Letter from Birmingham Jail
-SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)
-MLK Jr., was the leader and sent the letter that said "Justice too long delayed is justice denied".
-Birmingham had a history of racial violence, and the protesters were peaceful, -
March on Washington
-NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
-At the time of the march, the civil rights bill was in the process of being passed through congress
-more than 250,000 marched in protest for equality -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-civil rights, involved all genders, races and religions
-banned discrimination on races, religions, sex and national origin
-President Lyndon continued to push for the bill to be passed even after the assassination of Kennedy -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-Disenfranchise: stripping someone's right to vote
-CORE and SNCC organized a voting campaign for blacks.
-Blacks were allowed to vote in Selma, Alabama in the early year of 1965 -
Watts Riot
Kerner Commission and ghettos- violence erupted throughout black ghettos across Los Angeles
-total number of deaths was 34 and there were many forms of violence used
-blacks and whites were both involved in these riots -
Black Panther Party Founded
-Black power: the call for many civil rights activists
-Black Panther party demanded that economic and political rights should be enforced
-Black Panthers carried weapons and were willing to stand up to the police -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-discrimination: the act of setting a group of people apart from another
-a law that banned discrimination on rental, and sale of housing
-white landlords refused to rent to blacks or let them buy housing -
Swann vs. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
-desegregation: ending of racial discrimination
-judge changed law that all schools be integrated in 1970
-only 1.2 percent of black children attended public schooling. -
Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke
-Bakke applied to medical school twice and was denied both times. He believed that it was "reverse discrimination".
-the court admitted Bakke to the medical school
-the ruling did not end the debate on the treatment of women and minorities
