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Ku Klux Klan
burned black-owned buildings, flogged and murdered freedmen, committed acts of violence against free blacks -
13th Amendment
officially abolished slavery in the United States -
15th Amendment
The Constitution granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Even though it was ratified on February 3, 1870, it did not come into full effect until a century later. -
Plessy V. Ferguson
the Supreme Court decided that segregation was constitutional in "separate but equal" facilities -
14th Amendment
granted citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States -
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Racism in the Progressive Era
Progressive officials did nothing about segregation and lynching by racist mobs because they shared in the racism and they thought other reforms were more important -
The Niagra Movement
W. E. B. Du Bois met with a group of black intellectuals to form a group to secure equal rights for blacks -
19th Amendment
The 19th amendment granted all american women the right to vote. -
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Harry Truman's Presidency
33rd U.S. president, assumed office following the death of President Franklin Roosevelt . In the White House from 1945 to 1953, Truman made the decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan, helped rebuild postwar Europe, worked to contain communism and led the United States into the Korean War. -
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Harry Truman
33rd U.S. president, assumed office following the death of President Franklin Roosevelt . Truman made the decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan, worked to contain communism and led the United States into the Korean War. -
Creation of Baseball
Abner Duobleday created baseball by creating the sport in a schoolyard. -
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Brown V. Board of Education
NAACP lawyers argued that segregation of black children in school was a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Chief Justice ruled segregation in schools is unconstitutional -
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Beatniks
A media stereotype of the 1950s to mid-1960s that displayed the more superficial aspects of the Beat Generation literary movement of the 1950s -
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Earl Warren Court
The Warren Court refers to the period in which Earl Warren was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The Court was both criticized and praised for ending racial segregation, and prayer in school and for its changes to civil rights, and federal and judicial powers. -
Montgomery, AL
sparked by Rosa Parks, blacks protested riding buses that ended when the Supreme Court ruled segregation on buses was unconstitutional -
Eisenhower
President Eisenhower was sworn into office in 1957 becoming the 34th president -
SNCC 1960s
On February 1, 1960, a group of black college students from North Carolina A&T University refused to leave a lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina where they had been denied service. This sparked a wave of other sit-ins in college towns across the South. -
Mapp v. Ohio
A landmark case in criminal procedure, in which the United States Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures," may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions in state courts -
Ole Miss Riot
James H. Meredith was arrested for starting riots for the desegregation of Mississippi. These riots encouraged voter registration among African Americans -
Gideon VS. Wainwright 1963
Clarence Earl Gideon appeared in court without a lawyer, Gideon requested that the court appoint one for him. According to Florida state law, however, an attorney may only be appointed to an indigent defendant in capital cases, so the trial court did not appoint one. Gideon represented himself in trial. He was found guilty and sentenced to five years in prison. Gideon filed a habeas corpus petition in the Florida Supreme Court and argued that the trial court’s decision violated his constitutiona -
Alabama
Martin Luther King, Jr. partnered with Birmingham to help desegregate the city by pressuring merchants during the busy Easter season. -
Feminine Mystique
Betty Friedan published a book, the Feminine Mystique, that challenged the role of the typical housewife. This book is credited with beginning the second wave of feminism in the United States. -
March on Washington
More than 200,000 Americans gathered in Washington, D.C., for a political rally known as the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom -
Comittee of Civil Rights
Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. After debate, the Senate proposed a compromise bill that was passed -
Escobedo v. Illinois
Danny Escobedo was arrested, interrogated, and convicted for the murder of his brother in law but appealed because he was denied access to counsel during the interrogations. In the Supreme Court, they ruled that criminal suspects have the right to counsel during an interrogation. -
24th Amendment
The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.
No one could be refused the right to vote due to the inability to pay the poll tax. -
Civil Rights Act
Unprovoked attacks against voting African-Americans caused President Johnson to call for a legislation to prohibit these unruly behavior. So, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed which prohibited discrimination in voting. -
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Urban Riots
During the 1960s urban riots weren't unusual. They often broke out do to the fast urbanization in the 20th century, often sparked by urban decay, discrimination, etc. Several riots that broke out during this time period were Watts Riots, Hough Riots, and Newark Riots. -
Assassination of Malcolm X
As Malcolm X was preparing to deliver a speech at the Organization of Afro-American Unity, someone shouted, causing a disturbance in the crowd. As the bodyguards went to quiet the disturbance, a man ran from the crowd and shot Malcolm X in the chest. Malcolm X died on February 21, 1965 at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital -
Miranda v. Arizona
Miranda was arrested for kidnapping and signed a confession, which included that he was aware of his rights, even though officers did not notify him of his rights. The Supreme Court ruled that officers were required to tell suspects of their Fifth Amendment rights before an interrogation. -
NOW
NOW, National Organization for Women, was founded on June 30, 1966. The organization was founded to fight for women's rights and feminism. -
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was the first African-American Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. This was a huge success for African-Americans as it was the first time an African-America was placed in such a high and respectful office. -
Assassinations of 1968
1968 was an especially violent year marked with assassinations. Martin Luther King, JR. was assassinated April 4, 1968 for being a civil rights activist. Then, Robert Francis Kennedy, who was running for president at the time, was assassinated on June 6, 1968. -
Woodstock
The Woodstock Musical Festival was a three day concert organized by John Roberts, Joel Rosenman, Artie Kornfeld, and Mike Lang. The musical festival included 32 musicians and thousands of audience members, making it one of the turning points in pop culture. -
ERA
ERA, Equal Rights Amendment, was a proposed amendment which would have guaranteed equal rights for women. In 1972, it passed in both Houses but did not receive the minimum number of ratification votes to make it an amendment by the deadline posted by Congress.
