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Executive Order 9981
The signing of the Executive Order 9981 by President Truman ended segregation in the military. Thus, initiating the civil rights agenda for African Americans in the later years. Allowing for the initiative of wanting to fight for the rights of African American in the US. This act is an act of heeding to the pressure and popularity from African American voters. Truman signed the executives because he felt sympathy for the black soldier who were being mistreated during WWII. -
Montgomery bus boycott
This was a boycott that was a result of the civil disobedience of Rosa Parks who was arrested because she did not want to give up her seat. Was a series of societal protest where many African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating. The boycott resulted in the Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional. Also, demonstrated how successful non-violent protest can be and can result in further accomplishments. -
The Commission on Civil Rights
Created by the Civil Rights Act of 1957.The Commission on Civil Rights is a bipartisan independent federal agency that informs on the development of national civil rights policy and enhances enforcement of federal civil rights laws.This U.S commission was significant to the civil rights movement as it was a federal funded agency that would enforce equality to all americans in the US during a time of hostility between communities.This helped defend minority groups that couldn't defend themselves -
Little Rock Nine
After the US Supreme Court decision on Brown v Board of Education, many public southern schools refused to desegregate. The enrollment of Nine African American students to an Arkansas school caused white parents and the community to protest their arrival to the school. Even the governor of Arkansa decided to block their arrival to the school. This was significant in that it allowed the rest of Americans to see how segregation and race are heavily involved. Was considered civil disobedience -
Greensboro Sit-ins
Were a series of non-violent protests: Sit-ins , where African American College students would sit in the Whites Only section at a segregated lunch counter in NC. The use of this type of non-violent protest inspired many civil rights organization to continue this type of protest that would further push for the desegregation of public and private places in the US. This was considered an act of civil disobedience based on the refusal to serve the African American Students in the restaurant. -
Freedom Rides
Student activists launched Freedom Rides, where they would go through bus trips to protest the segregated bus terminals.Through the trips, black activists would try to use the whites only sections in the public, but were met by hostile white citizens and policies.This attention gained attention from media outlets and tested the Supreme court decision of 1946 that found segregated seats on the bus unconstitutional,calling attention of the government.Was perceived as an act of civil disobedience -
Birmingham campaign
Consists of sit-ins, mass protests, marches, and economic boycotts in Birmingham, Alabama that would call attention to the city’s segregation. This campaign was led by MLK jr, SCLC, ACMHR that was able to impact the civil rights movement by desegregating Birmingham and paving a way for a large scale march because of this campaign's result. This campaign consisted of civil disobedience since all of the protest were non-violent. -
March on Washington
Was a march that advocated for the end of segregation, fair wages,economic and societal rights in the US. A quarter of a million people marched for this cause in Washington. This made a statement and further advanced the civil rights movement because it represented how many people are affected by the inequality and segregation in the US. This march was an act of civil disobedience as this was a non-violent protest. -
Assassination of Malcolm x
The assassination of MalcolmX really impacted the civil rights movement in what could have happened if he was still alive through his creation of a new organization.MalcolmX was all about black power and nationalism and considered to see self-defense against white aggression.He was also a minister and member of the NationOf Islam but then renounce his association with the Nation of Islam and took a less radical approach blaming racism and not whites.The assassination was an act of self-defense. -
Watts Riots
Wide scale violent riots and protest that occurred in a predominantly Black neighborhood Los Angeles. Riots occurred after a police encounter with African American brothers resulted in arguments and anger between them. As the crowds got more angry, the riots ultimately caused $40 million damage. The riots impacted how violence can be used as a response to the society disadvantages that the civil rights movements were trying to fix. For the rioters there actions were labeled as self-defense. -
East L.A. walkouts 1968
Series of nonviolent protest by Chicano students who were against the unequal and prejudice actions conducted by the LAUSDdistrict because of the inequality in their education system.These were action of civil disobedience and were mainly inspired by MLKjr, but also took noticed of the Watts riots as well. The significance of these protest was it called attention to the inequality and lack of quality that many students were receiving especially chicanos who were bilingual and needed resources. -
Fair Housing Act (Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968)
The fair housing act prohibits discrimination against families and individuals from sale, rental, financing, or advertising of housing based on race, sex, religion, etc.This act was significant in that it protected many minorities from discrimination for housing.The passing of the Fair Housing Act impacted the civil rights movement by accomplishing what the movement wanted from the government.It was through the civil disobedience of protesters who really pushed for this. -
Mexican Movement of 1968
The Mexican Movement of 1968 was a social movement where university students protested for political change in Mexico's government. Consisted of violent and nonviolent protest. This was significant in that it was a civil rights movement in another country who gathered together to go against government repression. Acts committed where self-defense. -
Occupation of Alcatraz
Was a 19-month protest where over 80 Native Americans and supporters took over Alcatraz to bring attention to Native American injustices from the past and present,since Alcatraz used to be filled with NAtive Americans before the British. This protest was significant in that it brought light Native AMerican issue to the 60s and 70s and ultimately led to many helpful programs and land given back to the Native Americans. This occupation was considered an act of disobedience. -
Trail of Broken Treaties& Occupation of the BIA
Native Americans from the West Coast drove to the Bureau of Indian Affairs to demand justice for all of the years of failed and destructive Native American Policies in theUS.The action acted upon the protester were civil disobedience as they counted sit ins inside theBIA after they were refused assistance from them.The significance of these events is that it brought the Native American community close and brought more attention to the social and economical issues they face -
Miami Riot of 1980
Series of Race riots that were conducting in Miami, following a court case where a the alleged killer a police officerviolently killed a Black man and was acquitted due to an all white jury.These race riots were significant to the civil rights movement in that it represented that even after 10years,African american are still receiving injustice through the United states and court system.The actions acted upon in these riots were self-defense since the people of Miami did lash out in the police.