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13th Amendment
Abolished slavery and freed all slaves. Legally forbid slavery in the United States. The 13th amendment was a beginning establishment of equality for colored citizens. -
14th Amendment
Rights of citizenship, due process of law, and equal protection of the law. The 14th amendment has become one of the most used amendments in court to date regarding the equal protection clause. -
15th Amendment
Any citizen of color or race cannot be denied the right to vote. It gave everybody the age of 21 or older to have a say in who runs the country. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
The Supreme Court legalized segregation throughout the nation. “Separate but equal” did not violate the 14th amendment. -
NAACP created
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was an organization to fight against lynching, Jim Crow laws, etc. They wanted to better the rights of colored people. -
19th Amendment
Women were granted the right to vote and it expanded their political equality after the long suffrage movement. -
Brown v. Board of Education
Supreme Court case that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for blacks and whites to be unconstitutional. Separating the students violated the 14th amendment. This was the first Supreme Court case that ruled against segregation. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
A political and social protest against racial segregation on public transit. People refused to take buses and used other transportation alternatives for months. Some people now refuse to still take the bus in Montgomery. -
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) formed
Co-founded by Martin Luther King Jr. It was a group that used the authority and power of black churches in a way to organize nonviolent protests. This was a way to grow their fight for equality. -
Little Rock 9
Group of nine African American students enrolled in an all white school. Orval Faubus called the national guard to refuse the students from entering the school. President Eisenhower sent federal troops to guide the students inside. Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas was the first school in the south to be integrated. -
Greensboro, NC Sit-ins
Hosted at Woolworth’s lunch counter because blacks were not allowed to sit at the counter so they protested by sitting there. Jim Crow Laws pushed blacks to fight harder because they don’t want to be segregated. Six months later, the sit-ins were effective and they changed their policy. -
Chicano Movement (Mural Movement)
Expressive artwork on buildings to show the Hispanic cultural heritage and honor Hispanic soldiers. It provided an outlet to portray social issues that they are experiencing because of their culture and dreams they carry. -
Freedom Riders
Many groups of colored people rode busses into the south to challenge racial segregation. Violence was used against the riders. This influenced the federal government to get involved. -
Cesar Chavez
Civil Rights activist that created the National Farm Workers Association and fought for migrant farmers to have higher wages, less working hours, and safer working conditions. Wanted to push for equality for migrants and Mexican Americans. -
March on Washington: “I have a dream” speech
One of the largest political rallies for human rights. Met in Washington DC where Martin Luther King Jr. gave his “I Have A Dream” speech to demand economic rights for African Americans. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, or sex of a person. It ended segregation in public places and increased employment for colored people. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Eliminated devices such as literacy tests that were originally used to restrict voting for colored people. Expanded political equality for African Americans, Mexican Americans, etc. -
Black Panthers
Led by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. A group of African Americans preaching self defense and promoting socialism. -
American Indian Movement (AIM)
Organization that protected the rights of Native American populations mainly in the north and west.They protested against federal policies and treaties. In the end, they gained the Indian Education Act and regained some rights to their land. -
Sandra Day O’Connor appointed to the Supreme Court
First female Supreme Court Justice. She provided the deciding vote on multiple court cases which is a big step up for women’s political equality.
