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Structuralism
Structuralism focuses on different parts of speech such as phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and lexicon. The main proponent was Bloomfield. It can also be dated back to European scholar Ferdinand de Saussure. It emphasizes the external focus instead of what Behaviorism did, which focuses on the psychological. -
Behaviorism
Behaviorism focuses on learning a language by Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement (S-R-R). It basically means that learners will be place in an environment where the learning language is placed and the learner will respond to the environment. The learner will then strengthen their response, which helps the learner learn the language. The main proponent was B.F. Skinner. However, Behaviorism was rejected because learning a language was based on the learner's natural ability. -
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Systemic Linguistics
This approach is examining language and how does it function in a social environment. This idea was created by M.A.K. Halliday. The language should be seen as meaning. Language has functional use. The development of language is related to social and culture. Language expresses meaning . The approach is not rejected because language is needed in order interact socially. -
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Universal Grammar
The main proponent of UG is Noam Chomsky. This approach claims that learning your native language could be possible because we all have built-in innate knowledge. Universal Grammar had a set of principals that was used in all languages. An issue in the UG approach was whether or not if the learner still had innate knowledge when learning new languages as he/she got older. A language has a head-initial such as English and head-final such as Japanese. -
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Contrastive Analysis
It was the idea of comparing L1 and L2 in reaching to conclusions of the problems that languages learners had. In order to reach a conclusion, L1 and L2 had to be compare side by side to find any differences of similarities based on lexicon, morphology, phonology, and syntax . Robert Lado was the main proponent in this approach. There is positive and negative transfer between L1 and L2. It was rejected because there was no evidence on how the learners were making errors. -
Error Analysis
The main proponent was S. Pit Corder. This approach emphasizes the errors in L2 than the native language (L1). This idea is associated to Interlanguage. There is a procedure which analyzes the learners errors. Learners errors are accepted because in order to learn, we need to make mistakes. A problem in EA is there are avoiding of the language structures which could lead to not detecting the learners errors. However, Error Analysis had a heavily influenced that lead to Interlanguage. -
Constructionism
This approach was lead by Chomsky's Minimalist Program. It states that the target language develops within development of grammar and word form that will make it part of vocabulary knowledge. -
Mentalism
There was a shift from the idea of Behaviorism into Mentalism. This approach focuses on the natural ability of learning a language instead of external focus. This major shift lead to Transformational-Generative (TG) Grammar. -
Interlanguage
Larry Selinker was the proponent of Interlanguage. This idea was influenced from Error Analysis. This approach is using your knowledge especially grammar of their L1 and using it in learning the L2. Interlanguage characteristics are: systematic, dynamic, variable, reduced in form and function (using less grammatical structures). -
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Morpheme Order Studies
This approach emphasizes that any person learning a L2 can learn morphemes in a same order. The main proponents were Dulay and Burt. This approach focuses on the internal of the learner learning a language. This approach uses natural order which is highly important when you understand the Second Language Acquisition. It has been used when constructing sentences and happen prove true till this day. -
Functional Typology
The main proponent was Eckman. This approach classifies languages into different categories and features. A feature can be markedness. In 1977, Eckman proposed Markedness Differential Hypothesis. Functional Typology is similar to Contrastive Analysis. Over the years, the approach has been modified. -
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Monitor Model
The main proponent of the Monitor Model was Stephen Krashen. The model is formed with five hypothesis which are the following: Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis, Monitor Hypothesis, Natural Order Hypothesis, Input Hypothesis, and Affective Filter Hypothesis, which focuses internally. The model was highly used in classrooms in the U.S. However, there was criticism on the hypotheses and believed that the separation of learning and acquisition does not exist. -
Function-to-Form Mapping
This approach has been related to Interlanguage. It basically has a concept of grammaticalization. by using the grammatical inflections and using them to express time(past,present,future). For example, the suffix -ed means something in the past. For example, I cooked pasta yesterday. One of proponent was Talmy Givon. This approach helped both semantic and pragmatic functions. -
Information Organization
The main proponents are Klein and Perdue. This approach is used to use words in order to make sentences which make up meaning. There are three developmental levels: Infinite Utterance Organization, Finite Utterance Organization, and Infinite Utterance Organization. There are four explanations that Klein and Perdue found when explaining why some L2 learners were more successful. These are communicative needs, cross-linguistic influence, motivation/environmental factors, processing limits.