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David Ricardo Principles of political Economy 1817 (social, economic)
"Iron law of wages": one should not raise wages because people will only have more children (lower wage increases, less unions) -
Thomas Malthus Essay on the Principles of Population 1798 (social)
population grows geometrically and food arithmetically, so always periods of famine. When food is plentiful, people will have more children to even out the system -
Period: to
Effect of Early factory System (eng, econ, social)
Early factory system(1750-1820): cooperative family economy, men as factory breadwinners and bring family into work
Effect: unmarried women and children are exploited, some fathers make enough in factories o model mid/upper class= women at home and children in school (rousseau sep. spheres) -
Period: to
Prison Reform (GB, US, social)
Hulks and Galleys originally
late 18th century- Transportation: worst prisoners sent to New South Wales in Australia
John Howard and Elizabeth Fry
-blame criminal, not social ills
-Auburn System: (USA) isolate at night as punishment
-Philadelphia System: isolate at all times
-Pentonville, London: separate and mask for self-reflection
-Treadmills: exercise while doing work -
Period: to
Classical Economics before 1800
Thomas Malthus
UTILITARIANISM (GB)
-Jeremy Bentham Fragment on Government (1776) and The Principles of Morals and Legislation 1789: idea of promoting the "greatest good for the greatest number" rational usefulness -
Period: to
Utopian Socialism (social, political)
ideal based on community Saint-Simonianism
-technocracy: gov't as manager for social ills
-active societies 1820s-1830s Owenism -wanted healthy working conditions while making profit
-New Lanark: windows, schools for children, etc
-New Harmony, IN- new factory fails due to internal quarrels Fourierism -phalanxes- agrarian communities where people rotated jobs to avoid boredom; open sexual freedom Louis Blanc** -
Napoleon's Death
-
Period: to
Industrialization (Social, Economic)
Began wiht textiles in GB in 1750
Combined Nat. Resources, capital, tech skill, increased food, social mobility, foreign and domestic demand for goods and machinery to produce more, higher quality goods at lower prices
Great Britain Dominated European and international markets
in textiles, trade and banking
developed production in china, iron, ships, and finished goods
IR 2 Bel, Ge, Fr
industrialization was slower, so peasants and artisans reamined more politically important than urban workers -
GB Stockton and Darlington Railway line opened (E,S)
GB, Social
Canals for transportation, more iron and steel for machines
Britain had 9,797 km of railway at midcentury -
London Police Force created (GB, social)
Created by Sir Robert Peel, nicknamed "peelers" or "bobbies" after him
Didn't have guns -
Police in Paris (social, Fr)
Maintain domestic order and deterred crime through visible uniform. City protectors
Had guns on continent -
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Economic Advance and Social Unrest
Population Migration:
pop. increases and concentrates in cities
GB= 50%, F and Germ = 25%
Slums, cholera and crime result -
Harriet Martineau Illustrations of Political Economy (social, economic)
series in newspapers and journals to promote classical economic ideals -
Period: to
Labor Force in GB (social, econ)
Proletarianization: wage-labor force
Confection: standardization of production (replaces artisans)
Chartism : universal male suffrage, millions sign -
1st French Railway line 1832 (E, S)
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English Factory Act (Social)
1830s concern for child labor
children must be 9, work 9 hours 9-13) and recieve 2 hours education
Result!!!: divides work and home, schools care for children -
Zollverein (Prussia, economic, social)
free trade union based on ideas of Friedrich List -
Poor Law (GB, social, econ)
separate men and women in workhouses, forced labor -
Belgium and Germany begin Railway construction (social)
Germay had 5,856 km by midcentury -
London Working Men's Association 1836 (Eng, soc, econ)
started by william lovett -
Louis Blanc, The Organization of Labor (econ, soc)
practical fight for worker rights through political representation in gov't, gov't workshops would employ the poor -
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon What is Property (social, political, econ)
attacked banks, mutualism in which production houses exchanged goods out of mutual recognition ends the need for government, community first for good and fairness -
Period: to
Anarchism (social, political)
reject industry and government, use violence and terror to bring government and business down Auguste Blanqui-foreshadows Lenin in pro revolutioaries to change the system
Pierre-Joseph Prodhoun What is Property 1840 -
Period: to
KARL MARX AND MARXISM
Significant influence on next 100 yrs
NOT linear- competed with other ideologies
SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM based on hegel
---Thesis v Antithesis = Synthesis
Workers of the World Unite!
Communist Manifesto 1848
Dialectical Materialism: inevitable conflict based on material needs
Proletariat liberation = Human liberation!!!
Attracts many followers 19th and 20th centuries -
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Irish Potato Famine
(IR, Social)
1/2 Million die, migration to cities, famine on continent as well -
Anti-Corn Law League, Corn Law Repealed (GB economic, social)
against protective tariffs on grain, corn law repealed due to irish famine -
New family paradigm (Eng, social, economic)
adults @ 10-hr workday, mother at hme and children to school
changing economic role for the family-families share wages from many sources and are less bound together -
Period: to
1848 Revolutions
not inspired by Marx
CAUSE: food shortage, economic dislocation
West Europe- pol. libs for rep gov't, BUT workers want improved conditions ==> class conflict couses less movements after revolts
Central/ East Europe- nationalism in Prussia, Austria and Italy; reactionary gov'ts win out -
Period: to
Revolution in France
L-P bans banquets after poor harvests
Feb. riots in Paris, L-P abdicates
Lamartine: Provisional gov't with exec cabinet, workshops est in Paris
New Nat'l Assembly- conservative, peasants want protected property
June Revolts; barricades, crushed by General Cavaignac under new republic, workshps closed, socialists out
LOUIS NAPOLEON- (nephew) new president, stability
Dec. 1851- Louis nap not allowed to run for re-election=> coup d'etat=> plebiscite=> Emperor Napoleon III by 1852, 7.5 mil voted yes -
Period: to
Revolution in Austria
habsburgs no reforms since 1815, reb in Vienna, Prague, Hungary, Italy
Survives w/ "divide and conquer"
March Revolt= students want li. rep gov't, threat serf reb. Metternich and Empereor flee, free serfs
collapses 1849, emp abd for nephew Francis Joseph with troops under Prince Felix Schwarzenberg
Maygar Revolt- March laws, Louis Kosseth (hungarian) demanded ind
Czech Nat'lism, palacky, Pan-Slav Congress
N Italy; Gen Radetzky backed by King Charles Albert of Piedmont -
Period: to
Italy: Republicanism Defeated
Piedmont v. Austria 1848 fails
turn to Pius XI*** liberal but turns conservative after his minister is assasinated, driven from Rome
Roman Republic, Mazzini*** and Garibaldi*** (nationalists)
loses battle of Novara, Piedmont abd. to Victor Emmanuel II***
Fr. and Nap III troops to rome, nat'lism defeated -
Period: to
Germany: Liberalism Frustrated
PRUSSIA- FRED WILL IV hesitant and indecisive, capitulates to rep gov't
at first lib under Hansemann, later conservative w/ 3-class voting (more prop=more power)
ministry and army answer to king
**Frankfurt Parliament
-libs want rep gov't and united germany
- no guild protection so workers alienated, more conservatives
- troops to berlin to crush worker rebellions
-*Grossdeutch v. Kleindeutsch = go w/ klein, ask FW IV who refuses (won't take crown from gutter)
asssembly dissolves w/o support -
Abolition of Serfdom (Social)
Prussia, Austria
Russia(1861) -
Marx and Friedrich Engels Communist Manifesto
radical and empirical socialism -
Period: to
Frenchwomen Fight for rights (social)
vesuvians= radical feminists for equal rights in military, household, and same dress; alienated modern feminists
Voix des femmes: newspaper and club
IMPACT 2nd republic ignores, forbids them from clubs, denied as in 1793 -
The Great Exhibition in London (GB, Social, Economic)
Celebrated progress in industry and commerce, displaying products manufactured around the world
held at the Crystal Palace