-
Period: to
Baruch Spinoza (Jewish)
Secularist Jew, sought human reason to understand God and nature. Excommunicated by his jewish community -
Spinoza's Theologico-Political Treatise
critiques the biblical text and states the hebrew Bible provides a divine legislation, not a theological knowledge. Becomes a martyr for reason in the eyes of non-Jewish enlightened thinkers -
Spinoza's Ethics
approached a near pantheistic view of God a s embodying the entire universe -
Period: to
Antoine Watteau
fetes galantes
idealized scenes of elegant parties in lush gardens such as Pilgrimage to the Isle of Cithera
ROCOCO
LOUIS XV STYLE -
Newton's Principia Mathematica
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Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding
-
Period: to
Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet
creiticism of government and religion lead to imprisionment9comfortable), and exile to England, Switzerland and Prussia. -
Toland's Christianity Not Mysterious
anti-clerical, not anti-religious, God is rational and will judge rationally based on a person's character when it comes to the afterlife.
Be good= rewards.
Also saw islam as manifestation of Cristianity and was critically called a Mohametan -
50% Religious works
-
Period: to
Francois Boucher
painted Mme. De Pompadour and others in compromising positions
ROCOCO
LOUIS XV STYLE -
Period: to
Frederick II of Prussia
education, military, economic growth, religious toleration
"first servant of the state"
Promotion through merit
Universities
Religious Toleration
Admin and Economic reforms -
Montesquieu's Persian Letters
uses islam to show the bad in Europe -
Period: to
Jean-Honore Fragonard
The Swing- sexual and seductive in aristocratic life
Rococo, Louis XV style -
Voltaire's Letters on the english
After spending time in England, wrote praising their liberal society and economic prosperity -
Voltaire's Elements of the Philosophy of newton
Popularized newton with Emilie du Chatelet -
Period: to
Joseph II of Austria
6000 edicts, lead to rebellion, reforms overturned by brother Leopold II
Centralization of Authority
Ecclesiastical Policies
Economic and agrarian Reform -
Period: to
Jean Antoine Houdon
sculptor who did busts of leading philosophes such as Voltaire and Rousseau -
Fanaticism, or Mohammed the Prophet, Voltaire
play condemning Islam as the religion of fanaticism -
Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws
sees Islam as a tool for political manipulation of passive believers -
Hume's Inquiry into Human Nature, with the chapter "Of Miracles"
greatest miracle is getting people to believe miracles -
Rousseau's Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences
-
First Volume of the Encyclopedia, Edited by Diderot & Jean d'Alembert
-
Period: to
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
compiled by Denis Diderot and Jean d'Alembert, the 17 volumes probed human life on earth. Over 100 authors contributed calling for various forms of liberty, criticizing social ills and promoting economic and technological advancement.
1. Major source of 18th century knowledge
2. Patriarchal in tone and content
3. 14,000-16,000 sold before 1789 (French Rev.)
4. Champions secular learning and the "good life" based on reason -
Rousseau's Discourse on the Origin of Inequality
inequality comes from the unequal distribution of land -
Johann Joachim Winckelmann Thoughts on the Imitation of greek Works in Painting and Sculpture
archaeologist criticizing the Rococo and applauding the ancients -
Neoclassical homes, Pantheon
built with elements of ancient architecture and dedicated to civic contributions; the Pantheon became the resting place of Voltaire and Rousseau -
Voltaire's Candide***
Voltaire's most popular satire of war, religious persecution and unwarranted optimism. Shows undercurrent of pessimism in the Enlightenment "Ecrasez l'infame!" -
Rousseau's Social Contract and Emile
"All men are born free, but everywhere they are in chains" -
Period: to
Catherine II (the Great) Reign in Russia
1767 Legislative commission summoned
1769 War with Turkey begins
1773-1775 Pugachev's Rebellion
1772 First Partition of Poland
1774 treaty of Kuchuk-kainardji ends war with Turkey
1775 Reorganization of local government
1783 Russia annexes Crimea
1785 Catherine issues the Charter of the Nobility
1793 Second Partition of Poland
1795 Third partition of Poland TERRITORIAL EXPANSION
1796 Death of Catherine the Great -
Voltaire's Treatise on Tolerance
defeds John Calas, a Huguenot tortured by the Catholic Church charged with killing his son for converting, he never confessed and is later exonerated -
Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary
points out biblical inconsistencies and critiques the immortality of biblical character -
Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishments
condemed torture and capital punishment, promoting speedy trials and just punishments that deterred crime. Society was not to play God. His arguments are
UTILITARIAN (greatest good for the greatest number) -
Johann Joachim Winckelmann The History of Ancint Art
-
First Partition of Poland
Poland partitioned out of existence by Ausrtria, Prussia, and Russia. Prevented war, increased power -
Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Christianity resulted from natural causes, not mysticism.
Praises Muhammed's islamic leadership -
Smith's Wealth of Nations
challenged mercantilist theory by condemning navigation acts, tariffs, bounties, monopolies because it restrics economic expansion
1.resources are not limited in which one country takes what another loses; rather the untapped potential of natural resources is boundless
2. The "invisible hand" of supply and demand would best govern economics
3. laissez-faire, or "let it be", argued the state should only promote education and provide infrastructure (army and navy);
4 Stage theory -
Lessing's Nathan the Wise
promoting tolerance of ALL faiths, not just christianity -
10% Religious works
-
Mendelsohn's Jerusalem; or, On Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism
Assimilationist Jew
promoted religious tolerationand pluralism in which all religious groups had full rights to practice and had full civil rights. Furthermore, groups should not excommunicate within, but practice tolerance as well -
Jacques-Louis David's Oath of Horatii
ancient theme elevating one's duty to state and criticizing disloyalty and emotionality; artist of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Empire -
Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman
She was so appalled by Rousseau and the lack of rights women gain the French Rev. that she challenges Rousseau's tenets on enlightened principles, likening second-class female status to enslavement and arguing the lack of female education impedes progress -
Kant's Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone
-
Second Partition of Poland
Poland partitioned out of existence by Ausrtria, Prussia, and Russia. Prevented war, increased power -
Third Partition of Poland
Poland partitioned out of existence by Ausrtria, Prussia, and Russia. Prevented war, increased power
