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From 1831-1835 Darwin went out on a journey on the ship called the HMS Beagle. He went to map out some of the parts of what is now South-America.
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While going from island to island on his voyage, he studied animals and how they differentiated. He realized that the same animal species differed slightly from different islands. This is how he came up with the idea that they must have came from a common ancestor and evolved.
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Darwin posted his findings and theories on evolution and natural selection in this book.
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In 1882 Carles Darwin passed away.