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Brown V. Board of Education, Topeka, 347 U.S. 483
The decision did not succeed to completely desegregate public education in the US, it galvanized the nascent civil rights movement into full revolution. NAACP lawyers file class action lawsuits on behalf of black schoolchildren and families in 4 states which included Kansas. A unanimous decision written by chief justice Warren, held that schools violated the 14th Amendment, "no state shall make or enforce any law which shall... deny persons within its jurisdiction equal protection of the laws." -
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Civil Rights Act of 1964 Public Law 88-352 (78 Stat. 241)
The Supreme Court decision of Brown V. Board of Education, Topeka lead to one of the most significant piece of legislation, The Civil Rights Act of 1964, as well as to the formation of the Office of Civil Rights in 1980. -
IDEA Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (Public Law 94-142)
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act was signed into law by President Ford Nov. 29, 1975. The act was reauthorized in 1990 and named changed to Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Last reauthorized in 2004. The IDEA upholds and protects the rights of infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities. It has made progress to meet the needs of and improving educational results for these groups. The law also makes available free appropriate public education. -
OCR Office for Civil Rights
The formation of the OCR came in conjunction with the passing of Civil Rights Act of 1964. The primary purpose of the OCR is to enforce civil rights, conscience and religious freedom laws, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), Breach Notification Rules, and Patient Safety Act and Rule. All these laws protect fundamental rights of nondiscrimination and freedoms. The OCR also teach health and social services, educate society of civil rights, and investigate civil rights. -
ESSA Every Student Succeeds Act Pub. L. 114-95
ESSA has 2 main goals; require states to align education programs with college and career ready standards, and extend federal focus on equity by providing recourses for poor students, students of color, English learners, and students with disabilities. The law provides for states and districts to use federal funds for the development of school leaders. States are required to provide a plan on how to use Title II and other relevant ESSA funds for improving educators, development and retention. -
Endrew F. V. Douglas County School District 137 S. Ct. 988, 993 (2017)
The court held the IDEA's free appropriate public education (FAPE) 35 principle meant more the a de minims standard. FAPE must be ambitious given the circumstances with Congress's intention in the IDEA is to prepare students with disabilities for further education and integration of employment and community living. The decision also garnered a higher standard of meaning to "meaningful education benefit."