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1700's Great Britain was a trading presence along the coast of India
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Emperors had provided a secure framework for trade GB started to intervene in politics by the 1750's
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Began to wage war along the coast
* Excersised political power in state of Bengal, up the Ganges to Delhi and by the 1800's through most of the peninsula.
*Military dominance over all of India by 1800 -
Robert Clive led British troops
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Ending point of Battle of Plassey East India Company was supported by huge armies of British regulars and Indian Sepoys
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India was viewed as a market
Discouraged industry in India
Forced to buy British goods
Indians had to raise cash crops to pay for British Goods
(TEA, PEPPER, COFFEE, COTTON) -
Political Cause - Expansion of East India Company
Social Cause - British law forbade SATI & Christian Missionairies trying to convert Hindu popiulation
Economic Cause - Indian Soldiers were treated unfairly
Religious Causes - Conversion - Christian converts could inherit ancestral lands
Military Cause - Sepoys came from high caste, but were treated poorly
IMMEDIATE CAUSE - Greased Cartridges (Hindus & Muslims felt this was a deliberate attempt to defile Hindus and Muslims -
Empress of India
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Built Roads and Ports
Built Railroads and Telegraph -
Improved Health Care & Sanitation (population growth)
Britsih set up schools and colleges (english language)
British educated Indian Middle class developed -
Strongest among British Educated Elite
1. Modernize India & reform British system
2. Favored return to Hindi Traditions Congress called for gradual changes
Urged GB to open up government jobs to Indians -
Ali Jinnah separate Hindu & Muslim india
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Gandhi wanted INC to strive for Home Rule India should be governed by Indians
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General Reginald Dyer
Britian had banned public gatherings
GB opened fire on 10,000 indians at Amritsar 379 dead, 1100 wounded -
Non violence / respect for all life
Civil Disobedience (Henry David Thoreau)
SATYAGRAHA - "convert the wrongdoer" -
Gandhi urged non violent resistance
support strikes and protests
boycotting British goods -
Symbolic protest on the tax of salt
Gandhi marched 240 miles to sea to illegaly make salt -
India had no desire to fight in WWII on Great Britain's behalf INC refused to support the war 20,000 INC arrested
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GB realized they can't afford or control India
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Ali Jinnah wants a separate Muslim state
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Widespread rioting broke out between Hindu's and Muslims
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This act ended British Rule Hindu India
Muslim Pakistan -
1st Indian Prime Minister
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Governor General of Pakistan
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500,000 died in rioting and violence 15 million involved in mass migration
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Assassinated by Hindu for being too soft on Muslims
