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Leonardo da Vinci was a Florentine polymath of the Italian Renaissance. He was simultaneously a painter, anatomist, architect, paleontologist, botanist, writer, sculptor, philosopher, engineer, inventor, musician, poet, and urban planner. Undoubtedly, the most famous and well-known work of the Florentine painter is La Gioconda, also called La Mona Lisa.
Leonardo Da Vinci was the first to apply the scientific method.
Leonardo Da Vinci -
The fall of Constantinople marks the end of the Byzantine empire (and effectively the end of the Roman empire) when the city was captured by forces of the Ottoman empire in 1453.
Fall of Constantinople -
Johannes Gutenberg is known for having designed and built the first known mechanized printing press in Europe. In 1455 he used it to print the Gutenberg Bible, which is one of the earliest books in the world to be printed from movable type.
Printing press by Gutenberg -
Isabel of Castilla and Fernando of Aragon were known as the Catholic Kings, a title given to them by a Pope of Valencian. The reign of the Catholic Kings would mean the transition from the middle ages to modern times. Through their marriage, two crowns were united within the Trastamara dynasty, namely those of Castilla and Aragon, giving way to the Hispanica monarchy.
Catholic Kings´reign -
Michael Angelo was an Italian Renaissance architect, sculptor, painter, and poet, considered one of the greatest artists in history for his sculptures, paintings, and architectural work. He developed his artistic work over more than seventy years between Florence and Rome, which was where his great patrons lived, the Medici family of Florence and the different Roman popes.
Michael Angelo -
12 October 1492 marks an event which represents the discovery of America. In 1492, the navigator Christopher Columbus sailed westward from Spain in hopes of finding a new sea route to South and Southeast Asia. Despite initially believing he had reached Asia, Columbus soon realised that he had happened upon a wholly new continent, the land we know now to be America.
Discovery of America -
The Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement of 1494 between Spain and Portugal to divide the world by means of an imaginary line in the center of the Atlantic Ocean.
Tordesillas Treaty -
Juana I of Castilla, called "la Loca", was queen of Castilla from 1504 to 1555, and of Aragon and Navarra, from 1516 to 1555, although since 1506 she did not exercise any effective power. In 1496, she married her third cousin Felipe el Hermoso. She was nicknamed "la Loca" for an alleged mental illness alleged by her father and her son to separate her from the throne and keep her locked up in Tordesillas for life.
Juana I of Castilla´s reign -
He become the king of Spain in 1516 and was called Carlos l of Spain. Carlos become Emperor of the Holly Roman Empire in 1530 and was called Carlos V of the Holly Roman Empire. Carlos V dies at the Monastery of Yuste in 1558.
Carlos V´s reign -
Ninety-five Theses, propositions for debate concerned with the question of indulgences, written in Latin and possibly posted by Martin Luther on the door of the Schlosskirche (Castle Church), Wittenberg, on October 31, 1517. This event came to be considered the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
Martin Luther 95 theses -
In 1534 Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy which defined the right of Henry VIII to be supreme head on earth of the Church of England, thereby severing ecclesiastical links with Rome.
Henry VIII Act of Supremacy -
The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was a meeting of Catholic clerics convened by Pope Paul III in response to the Protestant Reformation. In three separate sessions, the council reaffirmed the authority of the Catholic Church, codified scripture, reformed abuses, and condemned Protestant theology, establishing the vision and goals of the Catholic Counter-Reformation.
Council of Trent -
Philip II of Spain, called "el Prudente", was King of Spain from January 15 of 1556 until his death; from Naples and Sicily from 1554; and from Portugal and the Algarves (as Felipe I) from 1580, achieving a dynastic union that lasted 60 years. He was also King of England and Ireland, by his marriage to Mary I, between 1554 and 1558.
He was the son and heir of Carlos I of Spain and Isabel of Portugal.
Felipe II´s reign -
Juan Calvino, was a French theologian and philosopher, considered one of the authors and managers of the Protestant Reformation. The fundamental doctrines of later reformers would identify with him, calling these doctrines "Calvinism." The "five points of Calvinism" arise from Calvin's disciples as opposed to the doctrines of the disciples of Jacobo Arminio. In addition, he revised and published the Geneva Bible in 1564.
John Calvin -
Philip III of Spain, called "el Piadoso", was King of Spain and Portugal from September 13 of 1598 until his death.
Felipe III by Juan Pantoja de la Cruz, made around 1601.
He was the son of Felipe II and Ana of Austria. On April 18 of 1599, he married Archduchess Margaret of Austria-Styria. Under his reign Spain reached its maximum territorial expansion. Philip III died in Madrid on March 31 of 1621, due to fever and erysipelas.
Felipe III´s reign -
Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez, known as Diego Velázquez, was a Spanish Baroque painter considered one of the greatest exponents of Spanish painting and a master of universal painting.At the age of 24, he moved to Madrid, where he was appointed King Philip IV's painter and four years later he was promoted to chamber painter, the most important position among court painters.
Las Meninas is Velázquez's masterpiece.
Velázquez -
Philip IV of Spain, called "the Great", was King of Spain from March 31 of 1621 until his death, and of Portugal from the same date until December 1640. His reign of 44 years and 170 days was the longest. long of the house of Austria and the third of the Spanish history. During his reign he had to cede hegemony in Europe to France, as well as recognize the independence of Portugal and the United Provinces.
Felipe lV´s reign -
Carlos II, also called ''the Bewitched''. He was the son of Felipe IV and Mariana of Austria. On the death of his father, he inherited all the possessions of the Spanish Habsburgs, including Sicily. He was King of Spain from 1665 to 1700.
Carlos II´s reign -
War of the Spanish Succession, (1701–14), conflict that arose out of the disputed succession to the throne of Spain following the death of the childless Charles II, the last of the Spanish Habsburgs. The war was primarily a struggle to determine whether the vast possessions of the Spanish Empire should pass to the House of Bourbon or to the House of Habsburg, both of which had dynastic claims, or whether they should be partitioned to preserve the balance of power in Europe. -
The French Revolution began in 1789 and lasted until 1794. King Louis XVI needed more money, but had failed to raise more taxes when he had called a meeting of the Estates General. This instead turned into a protest about conditions in France.
French Revolution