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1492
The Columbian Exchange
After the voyage of Christopher Columbus, there was a widespread "exchange" of people, diseases, crops, animals, goods, etc. This time period was when people could extend their limits, and broaden their populations. It was also risky, as diseases were especially known to kill millions. During this time period, Indigenous tribes were introduced to these lands and have made a continuous impact on the nation today. -
1521
England's Tobacco Colonies Were Formed
The ideals of planting American colonies were difficult to up-bring, when many of them were privately organized and poorly funded. Jamestown settlers attempted to diversify Virginia's economy, thus tobacco was found near the end of the 1620s. Europeans claimed its medicinal properties, buying goods and paying taxes. By consumer demand, over a million pounds were exported per year. Even to this day, tobacco acquires its status in the social/economic world. -
American Enlightenment
Lasting from approximately 1680-1820, the Enlightenment era was a series of discoveries during the European colonization of North America. It triggered new ideals, ranging from society, government, art, religion, nature, etc. Even to this day, its concepts are used to advance the most modern ideals of the world. -
"An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" is Published
Written by English philosopher John Locke, this publication was a major contribution to the American Enlightenment. It was centered around the topics of human mind/behaviors, and how they impact our systematic environment. In a time period where reason was the primary source of authority and factual evidence, "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" has challenged traditionally conformed societies to revolutionize the modern world. Its ideologies include individualism, science, freedom, etc. -
Treaty of Paris
A formal end to the Seven Years War, the treaty signified peace between Great Britain and France ( allies ). The empires of France were destroyed, providing Great Britain with full dominance over North America. This was not the only Treaty of Paris, but one of the first to bring national change and independence for the future. -
Stamp Act of 1765
After the Seven Years War, the British Parliament was in deep debt. By passing the Stamp Act, it would raise revenue and replenish their costly finances due to conflictions with France. Colonists were unhappy, as it would lead to a violation of their rights as citizens. The issues of the act continued for over 10+ years before independence was fostered and the Revolutionary War has risen. -
The Quartering Act of 1765
After the British Parliament's release of the Quartering Act, it required the American colonies to provide housing/shelter for British soldiers in barracks. A representation of strict control of Parliament itself, Americans were searching for independence in the future years to come. -
Boston Massacre
A deadly riot occurring on Boston's King Street, tensions grew high within the British Parliament and American colonists for many years. Especially after the release of a series of tax laws, colonists were infuriated with the cries of "no taxation without representation." British soldiers arrived at the scene, resulting in the death of 5 colonists surrounded by a large and violent mob. -
Boston Tea Party
In response to the British imposition of "taxation without representation," colonists dumped 342 chests of tea into the Griffin's Wharf harbor to assert their opposition towards tyranny and taxation. It was one of the first major acts of defiance towards British rule, fueling rising tensions between Britain and America. By protesting, colonists could gain an advantage in using their voice and raising awareness. -
Battles of Lexington and Concord
These battles triggered the start of the Revolutionary War, one of the most significant warfares in the US. Tensions have been growing within the 13 colonies and British authorities for years, due to the intolerable acts carried out by the government. It persuaded the Americans to take arms and support the cause of independence, ultimately shaping our nation as to what it is today. -
The "Common Sense" is Published
Written by Thomas Paine, this publication challenged the authority of British government and royal monarchies. In a 47-page pamphlet, he addresses the lack of independence and freedom towards the Americans. Paine's ideals have been centered around creating a new government, with unique opportunities and people. "We have every opportunity and every encouragement before us, to form the noblest purest constitution on the face of the Earth," he wrote. -
The "Declaration of Independence" was Approved
Written by Thomas Jefferson, his justification of independence and republicanism has strongly impacted the upbringings of America. Inspired by the ideas of the European Enlightenment, Jefferson proclaimed a series of "self-evident" truths. By unification, it asserted the complete break with Britain and asserts its powers of freedom to all future citizens. -
Battles of Saratoga
Fought on 2 separate dates ( September and October ), it was one of the biggest turning points of the Revolutionary War. The British had extended their fighting for over a year, and many soldiers had left the Continental Army as a result. Not only did these battles assert the morale of American society, but served as a conviction that this nation was capable of potential foreign relations ( France ). -
The Articles of Confederation
Proposed in 1777, the Articles of Confederation established a confederate system of government in which the majority of power (sovereignty) resided with state governments. Stemmed from wartime urgency, many of the articles were centered around treaties and maintaining diplomatic relations. It declared the independence of the United States from Great Britain right after the Declaration of Independence in 1776. -
Shay's Rebellion
During post-Revolutionary War, many farmers were struggling to make ends meet. Led by Veteran Daniel Shays, he began a 6-month rebellion in hopes of preventing the trial/imprisonment of debt-ridden citizens. Violent attacks expanded throughout federal courthouses and properties, leading to a full-blown military confrontation. The Rebellion exposed weaknesses of the government under the Articles of Confederation, calling for reform and change to prevent further conflictions. -
Ratification of the U.S. Constitution
In the post-Revolutionary War era, the previous Articles of Confederation were proven to show a lack of central authority over foreign/domestic commerce. Due to its failures, Congress decided to pass a new constitution, one that would build a stronger central government and system of equality. Even to this day, the Constitution is used to guarantee fundamental rights and ensure protections towards Americans of future generations. -
Invention of the Cotton Gin
Invented by Eli Whitney, it was one of the biggest inventions that would significantly boost the Southern cotton industry. The gin would separate cotton seeds from its fiber, leading to an increase in productivity and time efficiency for those who worked on cotton fields. -
Alien and Sedition Acts
Directed towards the Democratic-Republicans, where the US was on the verge of a war with France. Congress passed 4 separate laws, extending citizenship requirements from 5-14 years. It granted the federal government a right to imprison/deport foreign citizens and punish federal critics. By complying to the laws, it restricted a sense of freedom of speech/press but could only provide an advantage towards the government. -
Election of Thomas Jefferson
Serving as the 3rd US president, Jefferson's election established the first peaceful transfer of power compared to previous presidents. Some of his most notable accomplishments was the Declaration of Independence, facilitating the Louisiana Purchase, admitting Ohio to the Union, Lewis and Clark Expedition, etc. Jefferson's significance in presidency has allowed the nation to grow financially and build foreign relations, stabilizing the economy and society of the future. -
Panic of 1819
The first nation-wide economic crisis due to years of warfare between Great Britain and France. Debts, unemployment, and failure of banks rose rapidly. Its significance is a reminder that one of the darkest times of America has allowed room for improvement and future economic growth. -
Missouri Compromise
Sectional tensions rapidly grew due to issues over slavery, therefore the US passed a law to admit Missouri into the Union ( slave state ) and Maine ( free state ). The North and South grew conflicted, as they attempted to overpower one another with ideals. Therefore, the compromise kept a solid balance between free and slave states, equally dividing the nation. -
The Monroe Doctrine
Written by President James Monroe, his publication warned European powers to not repeat further colonization of the Western Hemisphere. These acts would be considered as hostile, where the US would begin to assert its dominance with desires to become an independent nation. For many generations, the Monroe Doctrine would be used to maintain diplomacy and society conflicts. -
Erie Canal
A 363-mile waterway, stretching from the Great Lakes via Hudson River. It was a water route, used to transport commercial/agricultural goods to the Midwest. The canal was significant in progressing the industrial nation, which would soon to grow the economy of the future. -
Age of Reform
Lasting from approximately 1830-1850, social reform emerged rapidly from men and women. Specifically with women, they fought key movements that would evolve the nation's women's rights. For example, women's suffrage, abolition, temperance, prison reform, etc. -
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Signed into law by President Jackson, it provided government authority to grant lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within state borders. By gaining land, whites could grow their fortunes by growing cotton and utilize racial violence with the Indians. A few tribes conformed, but many resisted. Lands that held culture, history, and traditions were wiped away due to the impacts of this act. -
Invention of the Mechanical Reaper
Invented by Cyrus McCormick, the reaper combined early harvesting steps into one product. Not only would this be time-saving, but farmers could create over twice of their crop size and use efficient machinery. This is just one of many examples of how the Industrial Revolution has taken its strong toll on the progressions of the nation. -
Trail of Tears
After the Indian Removal Act was passed, many tribes resisted conformity with the whites' desire for land. Due to this, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its Eastern Mississippi lands and migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. Over 15,000 Creeks were involved in the journey. Thousands fell ill and faced exhaustion, leading to death. The Trail of Tears serves as a representation of the cruel American ideals, and the unfair treatment towards Native tribes that lasted extensively. -
Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia
In the Supreme Court, this case served as the turning point for the imposition of Indigenous laws and protections. In the 1920s, the Georgia State Legislature passed 2 laws that would lead to the inspection of the Cherokee Nation tribal territory, taking legal action to those who did not comply. The case would later reform the laws of tribal sovereignty and reestablished the relations between the Indigenous and federal government. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
An enslaved man ( Nathaniel Turner ) led a rebellion of enslaved people, serving as the root cause for the 200+ massacres of Blacks. Oppression was viewed in a different light, as education/movement/assembly was removed from them. Turner's motives will always be remembered, as his intentions to overthrow the system of slavery were controversial and bring importance to the nation. Issues of slavery continued to rise, ultimately transitioning into the Civil War. -
Worcester vs. Georgia
In the Supreme Court, it concluded that this legal case was prohibited from pressing regulations on Native-American lands. Worcester vs. Georgia started with a group of white missionaries, living on the Cherokee Territory of Georgia. Their consistent efforts to put pressure on the state to impose strict laws were major, and an 1830 act was passed to forbid those without a governor license to reside on Cherokee lands, bringing a sense of justice to the tribes. -
The Battle of Alamo
Lasting for 13 days, the Battle of the Alamo was fought as Texas wanted to gain independence from Mexico. It became a strong symbol of oppression and heroic resistance, as Texans refused to lose hope. Due to their successes, Texas was able to organize a government and army, as a new state was created to the Union. -
Invention of the Telegraph
Invented by Samuel Morse, the telegraph browsed electrical impulses to transport encoded messages over a wire in a rather short amount of time. Long-distance communication has increased and its popularity has allowed Morse to gain many profits from his invention. It is one of many examples of how the Industrial Revolution has changed the economies/societies of the US. -
California Gold Rush
After the discovery of gold nuggets in the Sacramento Valley, citizens were driven to find more quantities of gold. Its significance has heavily impacted the industrial/agricultural development, where a surge of migration arrived in the West. Wealth has become a huge symbol for the nation, where one strives to pursuit through provided resources. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
As a conclusion to the end of the Mexican-American War, Texas finally gained its independence. This treaty would grant an extra 525,000 miles of territory, increasing the size of the nation. The war/treaty has extended the state into the Pacific Ocean, which would soon provide natural resources for the agriculture/economy. These resources were used to bring growth and stability to Texas society and lands. -
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
As part of the Compromise of 1850, the act required slaves to return to their owners regardless of the state they are in ( free/slave ). Black slaves commonly escaped to New England or Canada from the South, through the Underground Railroad. The result of the act would illegally capture/sold them back into slavery. In a time where freedom was meant to be at its highest peak, slavery exploited and destroyed the lives of many slaves in unimaginable conflicts. -
The Bessemer Process
Created by Henry Bessemer, it was the first inexpensive industrial process that allowed for the production of steel. Even to this day, steel is commonly used for the development of railroads, skyscrapers, machinery, etc. The process consisted of removing impurities from the iron by oxidation, where air is blown through the molten iron. After years of being stuck in the Industrial Revolution, the nation was able to transition into new methods of construction, boosting the economy and more. -
Dred Scott v. Sandford
An enslaved man ( Dred Scott ) was purchased by Dr. John Emerson and moved him in the Wisconsin Territory. After the death of Emerson, Scott and his wife were moved to St. Louis with a new owner named Eliza Irene Sandford. She refused to provide freedom to the Scotts after years of labor/work, therefore they sued her in a state court. As the case progressed to the Supreme Court, it concluded that African-Americans were unable to sue in federal cases, bringing another decade of freedom struggles. -
Election of Abraham Lincoln
Serving as the 16th US president, Lincoln was known for becoming the first Republican to do so. Some of his most notable accomplishments were preservation of the Union, leadership during the Civil War, Gettysburg Address, Emancipation Proclamation, etc. Lincoln's significance in the presidency has allowed the nation to resolute the issues of slavery and impact the lifestyle of American life/politics for many years to come. -
The Secession Crisis
Resulting in the withdrawal of 11 slave states, following the election of Abraham Lincoln. There has been a strong history of secession in the US, and it would later bring rising tensions to the nation in the continuous conflicts of slavery. -
Battle of Fort Sumter
Represented as the first battle to mark the beginning of the Civil War, over 620,000 lives were taken and 3.9 million slaves were freed as a result. This Confederate victory was led by General P.G.T. Beauregard, as he led one of the first shots in Charleston Harbor. Afterwards, the North and South were immediately called upon for volunteer war preparations. -
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by Abraham Lincoln, the proclamation declared that all enslaved people in the nation "shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free." Though it didn't actually free all 4 million slaves, one can sense the shift in his views of slavery. Not only did the proclamation impact the Civil War, but would establish a pathway that could reshape the nation after its historical conflicts. -
Gettysburg Address
A speech delivery by Abraham Lincoln, it was held at the Gettysburg National Cemetery. In response to the Battle of Gettysburg, his speech lasted 2 hours to commemorate the lost victims and finalized his views on slavery in progress of signing the Declaration of Independence. The nation would be devised in liberty and the equality of men. -
Sherman's March to the Sea
During the Civil War, Union General William T. Sherman led his 60,000 soldiers on a march from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia. By petrifying Georgian citizens into rejecting Confederate causes, his soldiers would react with violence whenever citizens would refuse to conform. Its significance would actually divide the Confederacy, leading to their surrender. -
Sand Creek Massacre
Despite the long conflictions of control over the Great Plains of Eastern Colorado, a peaceful group of Cheyenne and Arapahoe Native Americans were murdered by the volunteers of Colonel John Chivington. Over 200+ lives had been lost, as the massacre marked a turning point in rising tensions within the federal government and Indian tribes. -
Ratification of 13th Amendment
Ending the official practice of slavery, the 13th Amendment was ratified. In the post-Civil War, many Democrats/Republicans were conflicted with the expansion of slavery and outlawing its ideals entirely. Had this ratification never occurred, the US would not have progressed to its productivity and human rights that they acquired today. -
Ratification of 14th Amendment
Granting citizenship to all naturalized citizens and former enslaved, this amendment would guarantee "equal protection of the laws." After the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, one had to reestablish his ideals by incorporating Confederate states into the Union and providing legal citizenship towards the formerly enslaved, especially. The 14th Amendment would later be used throughout all cases in the Supreme Court, and for future foreigners seeking residency in the US. -
Founding of the Knights of Labor
As a secret society of tailors in Philadelphia, the organization rose to prominence in the strike of the American labor movement, while playing a significant role in the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. Known as the "knights," they protested for an 8-hour work day for laborers, when typical hours during this time period were at a minimum of 10. Along with campaigning for a number of labor movements( ex. child labor, equal pay, etc. ), the Knights set a precedent for the future of modern day work. -
Ratification of 15th Amendment
Granting African-American men the right to vote, the 15th Amendment was ratified. In the future, they would play vital roles in federal positions and major social events. This would increase the diversity of the US, and provide a set of opportunities for POCs. -
Panic of 1873
A nationwide financial crisis that triggered an extensive economic depression, it began during the second presidential term of Ulysses S. Grant. Over 89 railroads crashed into bankruptcy, nearly 18,000 businesses failed within a short amount of time, and unemployment skyrocketed to 14%. The impact of the Panic of 1873 was undistributed, as it heavily affected Southern blacks more than anyone. With the eruption of white supremacist groups and violent conflicts, the U.S. was in for a hard downfall -
Invention of the Telephone
Invented by Alexander Graham Bell, the telephone was a major contribution to society and economic growth. It was integrated into the work culture, where communications/transactions in business was much easier than before. There was a lot of convenience provided, such as saving time and money from traveling back and forth. Over time, Bell carried out numerous public experiments centered around human speech, and how technology can be incorporated to ease long distances. -
Battle of the Little Bighorn
Fought near the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory, federal troops were led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer as they battled against Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. Ever since the discovery of gold in Native-American lands, tensions have been growing significantly with aggression and violence. This battle resulted in a major victory for the Natives, as Custer was unaware of the number of Indians fighting under the command of Sitting Bull. -
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Known as the nation's first major railroad strike, violent protests were enacted in response to the Baltimore and Ohio railroads cutting wages for the 3rd time in a year. The impact was massive, as it created a disruption in the nation's commerce, leading governors in 10+ states to mobilize thousands of militia members to reopen railroad traffic. At the same time, the strike also brought very little, as future wages continued to cut off, yet it was still a memorable movement of history. -
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Signed by Chester A. Arthur, the act was one of the first laws that restricted immigration into the U.S. Though the Chinese population composed of only 0.002%, excluding them would ease worker demands and clear concerns about maintaining white "racial purity." It created a national stereotype, where illegal immigrants have arrived with exclusive advantages in labor jobs, yet it is simply untrue. The act contributed to a series of future laws regarding immigration statuses, setting history. -
Haymarket Square Riot
After the killing of a striker by Chicago police, a peaceful labor rally escalated into a violent rally between radicals and authorities. It set off a national wave of xenophobia, where hundreds of foreigners were rounded up for a bomb that was thrown into a crowd of protesters. At this time, strikes by workers were increasingly common in the U.S. due to poor working conditions and low wages. -
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
Passed by the House and Senate, the act created an interstate commerce commission to limit the autocratic practices of the railroad industry. It would set a record as the first industry subject to federal regulation, as it came in response to long-time public demand that railroad operations should definitely be regulated. This act has transformed the way railroads have evolved to this day, with numerous forms of transportation and more. -
Dawes Severalty Act
Passed by President Grover Cleveland, the act granted federal access to separate tribal lands in the nation. In an attempt to assimilate Native-Americans into modern US society, they were introduced to farming/agriculture by dividing their lands into small areas of soil. This was just one of the many cruel acts that the tribes endured in a boiling relationship with the federal government. -
"How the Other Half Lives" is Published
Written by Jacob Riis, the book was a documentation of photojournalism, shedding a light on the unpleasant living conditions in New York City tenements. By using a flash photography technique, he brought attention to even the darkest aspects of the city itself. Riis's work played a pivotal role in social reform, as many grew aware of the unequal distributions towards civilian life. Since then, the New York legislation was able to curb poor conditions in tenements, improving a sense of equality. -
Founding of the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA )
Founded by a number of women's rights activists, the NAWSA strived for a constitutional amendment to secure voting rights, regardless of gender. By representing millions of women who were unable to exert their political voices, the passing of the 19th amendment was one of the most significant achievements in the U.S. Since then, the NAWSA has played a pivotal role in the progression of the women's suffrage, and the impact is still prevalent today. -
Founding of Carnegie Steel Corporation
Founded by Andrew Carnegie, his corporation brought mass successes and technological innovations into the steel industry. Through this, he adopted a new process with Sir Henry Bessemer that would increase the production of steel in a timeless and efficient manner. Carnegie was able to create a massive empire, in addition to funding educational institutions and nonprofit organizations to further his cause. Even to this day, the use of steel is heavily relied on transportation, architecture, etc. -
Panic of 1893
Causing a nationwide economic crisis, the Panic of 1893 was triggered after the collapse of the 2 largest employers in the U.S. ( Philadelphia/Reading Railroad and National Cordage Company ). More than 11,000 farmers went into foreclosure, as businesses filed for bankruptcy and the economy took a downfall. In response to the panic, Congress repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, declining the value of silver/gold. This would allow for citizens to stabilize themselves financially. -
Atlanta Compromise
Delivered by Booker T. Washington, the speech induced his ideals of civil rights. He asked for audiences to trust African-Americans and to provide them with opportunities so that both races could succeed economically, in a fair tie. Washington's speech was necessary, as he entailed his strategy of achieving racial equality throughout the nation. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
After an 1892 incident in which an African-American train passenger ( Homer Plessy ) refused to sit in a car for Blacks, the controversial case rose to court. The Supreme Court rejected his argument, in which he claims that his constitutional rights were violated. Southern blacks grew resistant to segregation, as a Louisiana law was passed to "provide separate railway carriages for the white and colored races." Plessy v. Ferguson has been significant in establishing racial segregation for future -
Founding of the U.S. Steel Corporation
Founded by J.P. Morgan and Andrew Carnegie, they combined both of their successful steel corporations, and renamed it as "United States Steel." By funding over $492 million, this was a new advancement into the steel industry, as it opened thousands of jobs that would accelerate the growth of American infrastructure. -
Coal Strike of 1902
Also known as the anthracite coal strike, it was enacted by the United Mine Workers of America, located in Eastern Pennsylvania. Miners pushed for higher wages, shorter work hours, and the recognition of the union itself. The victory of this strike was immense, as it breathed new life into the American labor movement. By strengthening modern labor leaders and progressive businessmen to establish peace, the strike was able to enhance the reputation of President Theodore Roosevelt. -
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
Introduced by Congress, the act was pushed to regulate food and drugs, prohibiting misbranded or contaminated products. It was the basis of the nation's first consumer protection agency, the FDA. Not only would this improve medical care, but ensured a sense of trust within society, where one can guarantee that their products are safe and reliable. To this day, the FDA continues to strive for the protection of public health, allowing the nation to prosper in such a way. -
Atlanta Race Riot of 1906
In response to newspaper reports of 4 white women who have been raped in multiple incidents, attacks on African-Americans occurred violently as the alleged culprits of the case. In the city of Atlanta, dozens were injured, and property damage was evident overtime. The riot contributed to the passage of statewide prohibition and Black suffrage restrictions that continued to 1908, discrediting leaders such as Booker T. Washington, who preached a philosophy of self-care and racial solidarity. -
Invention of Model T
Introduced by Henry Ford, the Model T was one of the earliest efforts to invent a car that would be affordable to many. It transformed the American lifestyle, as cars were previously viewed as a symbol of luxury, one that only the wealthy could indulge in. Model T established the middle class, while simultaneously reshaping the nation's physical landscapes with a touch of suburban sprawls. It served as a precedent for future car models that would be heavily incorporated into the working culture. -
The NAACP was Founded
With a goal to remove all barriers of racial discrimination, the NAACP played a major contribution to the Civil Rights movement. By integrating itself into democratic movements and challenging the federal government, the NAACP has worked to ensure political/educational/social/economic equality for all citizens of the U.S. -
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
Occurring in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, NY, the factory fire was notable as one of the worst industrial disasters in U.S. history. It killed over 146 people, and was the start of social reform to protest against poor working conditions. At the time, the infrastructure of factory buildings were not suitable for disasters like this, nor were they suitable for proper working. Thus, thousands of civilians demanded worker protection, leading to federal regulations overtime. -
Taft Dollar Diplomacy
Established by President William Howard Taft, the diplomacy strived to create stability and order abroad that would best promote American commercial interests. Not only did the U.S. gain financial benefits from foreign nations, but prevented these nations from receiving access to the diplomacy in the same way. As a result, it caused an increase in population and broken family structures due to the protection of America's sphere of influence. -
First Red Scare
Originally erupted during the early 20th-century, the scare caused mass hysteria over a perceived threat posed by Communists, posing tensions between the U.S. and Soviet Union. It reshaped American society, with fears and repression climaxing to an extent. Government workers were suspected of infiltrating themselves into the Soviet Union, and it was a dramatic conflict that altered the lives of many and more. -
Wilson's 14 Points
A proposal that was conducted by President Woodrow Wilson, he outlined his envisions for ending World War I, along with preventative methods that would maintain peace amongst foreign nations. Though the impact was not always successful, it highlights Wilson's sense of empathy, as he strived to negotiate with every nation in times of conflict. -
Treaty of Versailles
Signed by the allied powers of World War I, the treaty caused war guilt for the nation of Germany and its central powers. It required that they must pay for reparations and admit to fault during such a brutal conflict. The treaty seemed fair to many, as it was reasonable to punish Germany for committing serious acts of violence. Yet, civilians failed to recognize that this would lead to another global conflict; World War II. -
Harlem Renaissance
Occurring during the extravagant roaring 20s, the Harlem Renaissance was a time period of Black productivity, as they searched for economic and creative opportunities to prosper in this nation. Many African-Americans migrated to Northern cities, in an attempt to revive cultural and intellectual influences. Through the use of music, literature, dance, fashion, politics, etc. it brought a sense of new diversity into the history of America and the future it shall bring upon. -
Prohibition
Dating back to the early 19th century, prohibition encouraged abstinence from alcohol to reduce crime rates and solve social problems. It was not heavily enforced, as crime rates actually skyrocketed and bootlegging was a common method of gaining access to more alcohol during a restrictive time period. Speakeasies were established nationwide, and prohibition escalated since then. -
"This Side of Paradise" is Published
Written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the novel examines the lives and morality of carefree American youth during the peak of the roaring 20s. Fitzgerald was one of the most notable authors in this time period, shedding light on flamboyance and extravagancies of his surroundings. It inspired a sense of maturity into the minds of readers, and truly demonstrates the growth of the literature that we read today. -
Ratification of 19th Amendment
Signed by Congress, the amendment notably guaranteed women's rights to vote. It marked one stage in their long fight towards political equality. After nearly a century of the women's suffrage, it raised public awareness on gender inequality in the U.S, and how society has vocalized their opinions to fight for change. Even to this day, protests are still rampant, and have pushed to influence public/government opinion, undertaking direct actions. -
Case of Sacco and Vanzetti
An incident that involved the murder of a paymaster, 2 Italian men named Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were tried and executed for the crime. Authorities failed to come up with any evidence that would prove them guilty, yet they were given an unfair trial that would cause shock across the nation. Many cities held protests, and bombs were frequently set off to stand with the "criminals." The trial sheds light on the unlawful death penalty, and how many victims have been proven innocent. -
Scopes Monkey Trial
Formally known as the State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes, the case began with a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching evolution in violation to a Tennessee state law. It challenged the constitutionality of the law, and publicly advocated for the legitimacy of Darwin's theory of evolution, while simultaneously enhancing the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ). During the 1920s, there was a stigma surrounding immortal lifestyles, and this trial was able to put to an end. -
Invention of the Television
Invented by Philo Taylor Farnsworth, the television's global success was immense, a game changer for the American entertainment industry. From watching some of the best online shows to the streaming of presidential debates, the TV connected families and friends together in every aspect possible. It allows consumers to keep in touch with the world, and sparked conversations of social issues that would leave an impact on the history and present. -
Federal Emergency Relief Act
Passed by Congress, the federal act served to distribute $500 million in funds to state agencies in the U.S. It provided grants to a variety of field projects, such as agriculture or education, to name a few. Many community workers in these fields were highly skilled and trained, as they were provided resources to enhance within their work. By the end of 1935, FERA had distributed over $3.1 billion and employed nearly 20 million people, boosting the economy in every aspect. -
Tennessee Valley Authority
Signed by President Theodore Roosevelt, the TVA was established as a federal corporation to tackle environmental problems facing the valley. By resolving these issues, it could open new opportunities and resources for society, such as navigation and electricity to homes/businesses. The TVA was also incorporated into Roosevelt's New Deal program, involving a series of acts to uplift the nation during the Great Depression. As a result, river traffic increased by billions of miles, significantly. -
Social Security Act
Signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt, the act created a social insurance program designed to provide retired workers of 65+ a stable income after retirement. It creates a sense of equality in the U.S, as social security assured for those who cannot financially support themselves. Nowadays, over 64 million citizens receive these benefits, allowing one to live peacefully and enjoy their retirement. -
G.I. Bill of Rights
Signed by President Roosevelt, the bill provided services and benefits to returning veterans from World War II. By establishing hospitals, low-interest mortgages, and covering tuition expenses, they were guaranteed a post-secondary education after being drafted for years. It allowed veterans to "restart" their life, along with an appreciate of gratitude for their service. -
Founding of the United Nations ( UN )
Since 1945, the UN has strived to protect humanitarian rights, promote sustainable progression, and uphold international laws. They have been responsible for maintaining peaceful relations between foreign powers, especially the communist and non-communist countries during the Cold War. In an imperfect society where we fail to achieve success in every aspect, the UN has ensured to promote a sense of self-awareness and preventing imperfections throughout every conflict. -
"Levitt and Sons" is Founded
A real estate company founded by Abraham and William Levitt, it strived to reform the modern suburbs of America, and did so successfully. With the greatest impact on postwar housing, the Levitts built over 14,000 homes and turned into a significant manufacturing process. They provided amenities in their furnishings that would have not been accessible during pre-war eras, yet the company encountered many benefits during this time. -
Invention of the Instant Camera
Invented by Edwin Land, he had an envision of conceiving and perfecting instant photography through the polaroid camera. It revolutionized traditional photographic art by compressing darkroom processes into an integrated film through the simple click of a button. Cameras have been heavily used in the American industry, especially for the means of media and entertainment. -
NATO is Founded
Most notable as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, it consists of the U.S, Canada, and multiple European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union. NATO was the first peacetime military alliance that the U.S. entered outside of the Western Hemisphere, setting a new record for the nation. The organization has been significant in maintaining peace, especially with the recent Russia-Ukraine conflict, yet tensions continue to rise. -
Battle of Bloody Ridge
A ground combat battle that took place during the Korean War, it started as an attempt to seize a ridge of hills, conducted by the United Nations. Overtime, the battle spread defenders over wide area of land, and U.S. forces consumed every advantage to dig up the enemy. As an inhumane struggle, many survivors suffered psychological effects of the war, lasting for decades on end. In the end, the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed, recognizing both sides of war as separate nations. -
Brown v. Board of Education
Known as a national landmark Supreme Court case, in which justices ruled unanimously that racial discrimination of children in public schools was unconstitutional. It was one of the major milestones of the Civil Rights movement, and established the official sense that "separate but equal" was in fact, not equal at all. Overtime, the case was able to challenge society on how segregation had deprived minority children of a proper education, sparking revolts across the nation. -
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956
Signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower, the interstate system has been integrated into American culture as renovations for construction projects, while serving as the growth of transportation routes. It was notable as one of the safest road networks in the world, eliminating congested traffic jams and providing an efficient route for military in the case of a nuclear attack during the Cold War. -
Greensboro Sit-In
Starting in the 1960s, the sit-in was a civil rights protest where 4 African-American college students staged "sit-ins" at a segregated Woolworth lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina. It progressed into a movement overtime, where thousands of students refused to leave after being denied food services. Sit-ins were a peaceful method of protesting, and made many contributions to the progression of the Civil Rights movement. -
Kennedy-Nixon Debate
Known as the first televised presidential debate in U.S. history, over 70 million Americans tuned in to watch the election between Vice President Richard M. Nixon and Senator John F. Kennedy. Televised debates played a huge role in the turnout of this election, as viewers focused on the looks and speech of the candidates, rather than their character. It also set a precedent for the future of television, as millions of Americans each year tune in to modern-day presidential debates/elections. -
Construction of the Berlin Wall
Built by the German Democratic Republic, the wall was established in an attempt to prevent German citizens from fleeing the Soviet-controlled East Berlin to the West Berlin, controlled by multiple Western allies. The city was divided into 2 physically and ideologically contrasting zones, while also separating families and loved ones from ever reaching contact again. As a result, many East Berlin citizens lost their jobs, bringing the German economy into a downfall. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
A 35-day confrontation between the U.S. and Soviet Union, where both engaged in a tense standoff by installing nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba, only mere miles away from the U.S. shores. It nearly brought the world to the brink of a nuclear war, though leaders John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev was able to peacefully negotiate an outcome to the conflict. Though the crisis spread dangerous fears, it was good for President Kennedy, as he was praised for his good statesmanship and quality stance. -
"Letter from a Birmingham Jail" is Published
Written by Martin Luther King Jr, the letter documented his response towards racial segregation and incarcerations for nonviolent protest demonstrations. He defended his position for peaceful actions, using rhetorical appeal throughout his writing to engage readers as they look into King's perspective of life. The letter was significantly influential, as it contributed to ensuring civil rights for all. -
Tet Offensive
Served as a major turning point during the Vietnam War, the Tet Offensive consisted of simultaneous attacks by 85,000+ military troops, under the direction of the North Vietnamese government. It played a role into weakening U.S. public support for the war itself, leading Americans to question military/political leaders who assured that the war would be won very soon. This lack of public support was successful, as the U.S. withdrew from Vietnam shortly after. -
Apollo-Soyuz Space Project
Notable as the first crewed international space mission, it was carried out by the U.S. and Soviet Union during the Cold War. By testing the compatibility of rendezvous/docking systems and the possibility of a new space rescue, this project set a precedent for many future collaborations in space. It was also a sign that tensions have eased between U.S. and Soviet powers, as they had gradually increased overtime. -
Construction of Rockefeller Center
Established by John D. Rockefeller Jr, the center serves as a cultural/commercial heart of New York City during the darkest days of the Great Depression. It is a place of comfort for many visitors, where he poured billions to keep it as relevant as ever to this day. -
"Kids at Work" is Published
Written by Russell Freedman, the book uncovered the atrocities of child labor in the late 19th century, using descriptive writing and rhetorical analysis. It was also illustrated by Lewis Hines, who captured photographs of the devastating scenes. Many civilians were moved by the outcome of the book, and created campaigns to push for childhood protection laws.