APUSH Period 1 and 2 (1491-1754): Exploration, New World, Cultural Interactions, and Colonization
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The Portuguese developed the caravel in 1450 which overcame the problem of the prevailing winds keeping the Europeans from sailing southward
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Columbus persuaded the Spanish monarchs to outfit him with three ships which he used to head westward. Seeking a new wateroute, Columbus had bumped into new continents and was certain he reached the “Indies". Columbus’s discovery convulsed four continents (Europe, Africa, and the two Americas) The New World provided raw materials and resources (metal, soil) for the cultivation of sugarcane and the Europeans provided the technology
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In exchange for the crops from the Native Americans, Europeans introduced them with animals such as horses which transformed the Indian cultures into highly mobile, hunter societies. Columbus also brought sugar cane which thrived in the Caribbean climate (started a “sugar revolution” which forced millions of Africans into slave labor)
Illness was brought into the New World from Europe and Africa causing a rapid decrease in Native American population -
A treaty signed used to divide the “heathen lands” of the New World between Portugal and Spain
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Henry VII of England commissioned Giovanni Cabato (John Cabot) to search for a sea route in India leading to the crossing of the Atlantic
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The vast scattering of African people throughout the New World to work as slaves
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Amerigo Vespucci (Spanish) sighted the northeastern shore of South America in a search of a passage to the East
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Giovanni da Verrazano (French) charted the entire Atlantic coastline of North America
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After Henry VIII broke ties with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s, a total purification of English Christianity occurred (Puritans)
Puritans grew unhappy with the slow progress of the Protestant Reformation and wanted to see the C of E de-catholicized. Many Puritans believed that only “visible saints” should be admitted to Church membership, but the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects. This group of Puritans vowed to break away from the Church of England. (Separatists) -
used to refer to the trade in the 18th and 19th centuries that involved shipping goods from Britain to West Africa to be exchanged for slaves, these slaves being shipped to the West Indies and exchanged for sugar, rum, and other commodities which were in turn shipped back to Britain.
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The Virginia Company was an English trading company chartered by King James I on 10 April 1606, with the object of colonizing the eastern coast of America. (joint stock company)
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Alliance of Native American tribes living in the region of the initial Virginia settlement. Powhatan, leader of this alliance, tried to live in peace with the English settlers when they arrived in 1607.
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congregation of Separatists departed for Holland in 1608. They longed to find a haven where they could live as purified protestants.
The separatists secured rights to settle under the Virginia Company’s jurisdiction, but the Mayflower missed its destination and arrived on the coast of New England.
The Pilgrims chose their site on the shore of Plymouth Bay and became squatters. (without legal right to the land) -
Many colonists pressed settlement up river valleys to the west, edging against the Indians territory (Virginia began to prosper when people started their own farms)
Tobacco played a vital role in putting the colony on firm economic foundations and promoted the plantation system which had a demand for fresh labor (slaves) -
Series of wars between the English and Chesapeake Indians, led to the marriage between Rolfe and Pocahontas; Indians failed to dislodge English; were barred from lands.
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employed by Virginia and Maryland, under its terms, whoever paid the passage of a laborer received the right to acquire fifty acres of land.
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The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.
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Signed by the Pilgrim leaders. An agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon. Promised step to self government (open-discussion town meetings)
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the Wampanoag Indians befriended the settlers and their chief Massasoit signed a treaty with the Pilgrims in 1621 (first Thanksgiving)
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maintained enterprises in the Caribbean, established outposts in Africa, and a sugar industry in Brazil
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The Virginia Company authorized an assembly of the settlers called the House of Burgess (representative government)
James I distrusted the House of Burgess and in 1624, made Virginia a royal colony directly under his control -
A group of wealthy Puritans who were granted a royal charter in 1629 to settle in Massachusetts Bay (joint-stock company)
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Turmoil in England caused the Great Migration of the 1630’s- seventy thousand refugees left England (20,000 came to Massachusetts)
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Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore (plantation colony). He planned to reap financial profits and create a refuge for Catholics (protestant England was persecuting Roman Catholics). Colonists only proved willing to come if they were offered land of their own. From there they dispersed around the Chesapeake area starting farms
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As English settlers moved further west into Indian territory, war broke out between the English settlers and the Pequot village in 1637. (the Pequots were annihilated)
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a document drafted by the new Connecticut settlers that established a government democratically controlled by the citizens
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Weak union of colonies in MA and CT led by Puritans for the purposes of defense and organization; an early attempt at self-government during the benign neglect of the English Civil War
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The Protestants threatened to place severe restrictions on the Catholics and the Catholics threw their support behind the Act of Toleration- granted toleration to all Christians. The Act of Toleration decreed the death penalty for those like Jews and atheists
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With Spain weakened by military over extension, the English had laid claim on several West Indian islands (1655). Sugar was planted in the Caribbean and required a lot of land and labor so only wealthy growers with abundant capital could succeed in sugar
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Series of laws passed to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England (mercantilism)
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To control slaves, English authorities devised codes that described slaves’ legal status. The Barbados slave code of 1661 gave masters complete control over their laborers
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Beginning in Virginia in 1662, “slave codes” made blacks and their children the property (or “chattels”) for life of their white masters. Not even conversion to Christianity could qualify a slave for freedom. By the end of the seventeenth century, racial discrimination molded the American slave system
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Carolina, named after Charles II, was created in 1670. The founders hoped to grow foodstuffs to provision the sugar plantations in Barbados to export non-English products like wine, silk, and olive oil
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Massasoit's son, Metacom (King Philip), forged an alliance with other tribes and forced the English back into Boston after taking Native land with a series of assaults (King Philip's War). Inflicted a lasting defeat on New England's Indians as many more died than the English
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A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with back country farmers and indentured servants to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land (proved that indentured servants were to hard to manage)
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Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt
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Quaker William Penn secured a grant of fertile land from the king in 1681 where he hoped to experiment with liberal ideas and make profit (Pennsylvania). Penn welcomed substantial citizens and his liberal land policy, which encouraged substantial holdings, attracted immigrants. Practiced racial equality and religious freedom.
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A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
- freedom of speech, equality, freedom of press, and religious tolerance, freedom of assembly, and representative government -
The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. (Glorious Revolution)
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Carolinas, Tuscarora Indians tire of British abuse and rise up but are put down by the British (with the help of the Cherokee Indians). Many of the Tuscarora are later used as slaves.
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Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.
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Georgia: Founded in 1733, Georgia was intended to serve chiefly as a buffer (It would protect the Carolinas against the Spanish and French) (Used in many wars between Spain and England) Molasses Act: British Parliament passed the Molasses Act, aimed at squelching North American trade with the French West Indies - Americans responded by bribing and smuggling their way around the law and would revolt rather than to submit to Parliament