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Throughout the period prior to 8000 B.C.E., many peoples lived their lives relying on foraging a variety of nuts and berries. However, during the Neolithic Revolution many turned to agriculture and gave way to food production over hundreds of generations.
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Located in modern day Iraq, Mesopotamia was the first place to incorporate settled agriculture, cities, kings, and trade. These were utilized to form the first civilization and included city-states like Akkad and Babylon where Hammurabi became the first conquerer of other city-states.
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Maize, beans, and squash in Mesoamerica. Potato, quinoa, manioc, and llama in the Andean region. Key concept 1.2: Settled agriculture appears in several parts of the world due to warming climates at the end of the ice age
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Located primarily in the Indus Valley, this civilization exhibited large urban centers and updated technologies through which they could communicate with other regions. They were highly advanced in irrigation and construction, expanding their connections to Mesopotamia in the west. The cities were eventually abandoned in 1900 B.C.E. mostly likely a cause of nature.
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Egypt, unlike Mesopotamia was isolated and had an abundance of resources. Here the Nile River was heavily relied upon to sustain life. Here the king was the essential link between the people and the gods, facilitating a process in which grand tombs and pyramids were constructed. Egyptians utilized the airable land by the Nile for growing a number of crops and furthered knowedge through medicine and astronomy.
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Minoan Crete was a prosperous civilization that had palaces and traded pottery throughout the Mediterranean & Middle East. Then Mycenaean Greece rose suddenly by adopting Minoan styles and ides which allowed the to gain power & wealth which allowed them to form their own warlike culture that caused conflict. Both areas used the 'Linear B' writing system for record keeping since population was growing. Governments developed and had control over the economy and organizing raw materials.
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History is hard to determine because of the writings of the bible that oppose historical findings. Overall, started as a nomadic group but settled to become an agricultural people but were very religion-based. They spread and made cities and monuments like the Temple in Jerusalem. They had the first monotheistic religion. Later conflict arose & Israel split into Judah & Israel. Then Israel conquered by the Assyrians, who but Judah paid tribute. Later Judah fell to Persia and began the Diaspora
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The Old & Middle Kingdom Egypt were very isolationist and chased away foreigners because they had all the resources they wanted but the New Kingdom was very aggressive & expansionist because there was period where Egypt was under foreign rule(Hyksos) which was humiliating. The New Kingdom began to trade more to gain metal which inspired innovations and change and continued to use religion to justify power (long-distance trade was based on metals). Had rulers who challenged tradition: Akhenaten
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Originally Phoenicia was a small state in modern Lebanon but they began seaborne trade of raw materials which gave them wealth and an important role in international politics. The expansion of other empires caused the Phoenicians to look west to colonize for survival and they created a trade empire that ecompassed the entire Mediterranean. Their most prominent city was Carthage which allowed Phoenician control over trade due to its strong Navy which fought most battles. Greek/Roman disliked them
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For unknown reasons, there was a large amount of migrants that swarmed the Middle East & Mediterranean that began to displace major centers of the Late Bronze Age. Civilizations at this time were very economically interdependent on each other, since there was new long-distance trade in this era, which it made these civilizations more vulnerable when one collapsed. It started when unidentified invaders destroyed the Hittite Kingdom of Anatolia which caused a chain reaction to start a 'Dark Age'
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Began from tough farmers who were the first foot-soldiers for the ceaseless conquest the empire was known for. The King was the center of state power & religion. The Assyrians were very powerful but never created an effective political system & had to reconquer areas since the empire grew larger than what could be controlled. They used mass deportation to prevent rebellion but still had to reconquered territories. Downfall: The cost of conquest & border protection and hatred of conquered peoples
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Peoples of Central America and Mexico made great strides in astronomy and mathematics, as well as improving their agriculture.
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Agricultural advancements led to rising population, beginnings of urbanization, and increased social stratification
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The Toltecs capital was founded in 968 C.E. north of modern Mexico city. The capitals name is Tula, and helped the Toltec expand across Mexico. Tula featured the culture and architecture of the Toltecs.
